Receiving method, receiving device, and transmission and reception system

ABSTRACT

A receiving method of receiving a first data unit in which data making up an encoded stream is stored and the first data unit stores a plurality of second data units. The receiving method includes: receiving the first data unit, first time information indicating a presentation time of the first data unit, second time information indicating, together with the first time information, a presentation time or a decoding time of each of the plurality of second data units, and identification information; calculating the presentation time or the decoding time of each of the plurality of second data units using the first time information and the second time information; and correcting the presentation time or the decoding time of each of the plurality of second data units based on the identification information.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. continuation application of PCT InternationalPatent Application Number PCT/JP2016/001623 filed on Mar. 22, 2016,claiming the benefit of priority of Japanese Patent Application Number2016-000742 filed on Jan. 5, 2016, and Number 2016-000732 filed on Jan.5, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/140,641 filed on Mar.31, 2015 and No. 62/142,010 filed on Apr. 2, 2015, the entire content ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to a receiving method, a receivingdevice, and a transmission and reception system.

2. Description of the Related Art

As broadcasting and communication services are sophisticated,introduction of super-high definition moving image content such as 8K(7680×4320 pixels: also referred to as 8K4K) and 4K (3840×2160 pixels:also referred to as 4K2K) has been studied. A receiving device needs todecode and display encoded data of the received ultra-high definitionmoving image in real time. A processing load of a moving image of aresolution such as 8K is great during decoding, and it is difficult todecode such a moving image in real time by using one decoder. Hence, amethod for reducing a processing load of one decoder by parallelizingdecoding processing by using a plurality of decoders, and achievingprocessing in real time has been studied.

Further, encoded data is multiplexed based on a multiplexing method suchas MPEG-2 TS (Transport Stream) or MMT (MPEG Media Transport), and istransmitted. For example, Information technology—High efficiency codingand media delivery in heterogeneous environment—Part1: MPEG mediatransport (MMT), ISO/IEC DIS 23008-1 (Non-Patent Literature 1) disclosesa technique of transmitting encoded media data per packet according toMMT.

SUMMARY

As the broadcasting and communication services have advanced, anintroduction of moving image content of super-high definition such as 8Kand 4K (3840×2160 pixels) has been considered. Under the MMT/TLV scheme,a reference clock on a transmission side is synchronized with a 64-bitlong-format NTP defined in RFC 5905, and a time stamp such as apresentation time stamp (PTS) or a decode time stamp (DTS) is attachedto a synchronized media based on the reference clock. In addition,reference clock information of the transmission side is transmitted to areception side, and a receiving device generates a system clock for theuse in the receiving device based on the reference clock information.

However, under such MMT transfer scheme, in the case where a leap secondadjustment is made to reference time information such as NTP or thelike, decoding or presentation of plural access units which are thesecond data units stored in a media presentation unit (MPU) which is thefirst data unit received by the receiving device cannot be performed atan intended time, even though the decoding or presentation is performedaccording to the DTS or PTS associated with each of the access units.This is a matter to be considered.

The present disclosure provides the transmitting method and others, withwhich the receiving device can reproduce, at an intended time, thesecond data units stored in the first data unit, even when a leap secondadjustment is made to the reference time information serving as areference for the reference clocks of the transmission side and thereceiving device.

In order to achieve the objective described above, a receiving methodaccording to one aspect of the present disclosure is a receiving methodof receiving a first data unit in which data making up an encoded streamis stored, the first data unit storing a plurality of second data units,the receiving method comprising: receiving the first data unit, firsttime information indicating a presentation time of the first data unit,second time information indicating, together with the first timeinformation, a presentation time or a decoding time of each of theplurality of second data units, and identification information;calculating the presentation time or the decoding time of each of theplurality of second data units received, using the first timeinformation and the second time information that are received; andcorrecting the calculated presentation time or the calculated decodingtime of each of the plurality of second data units, based on thereceived identification information.

In addition, these overall or specific aspects may be realized by asystem, a device, an integrated circuit, a computer program or acomputer-readable recording medium such as a CD-ROM, and may be realizedby an arbitrary combination of the system, the device, the integratedcircuit, the computer program and the recording medium.

The present disclosure enables the receiving device to reproduce, at anintended time, the second data units stored in the first data unit, evenwhen a leap second adjustment is made to the reference time informationserving as the reference for the reference clocks of the transmissionside and the receiving device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

These and other objects, advantages and features of the disclosure willbecome apparent from the following description thereof taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings that illustrate a specificembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a view illustrating an example where a picture is divided intoslice segments;

FIG. 2 is a view illustrating an example of a PES (Packetized ElementaryStream) packet train in which picture data is stored;

FIG. 3 is a view illustrating a picture division example according to afirst exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a picture division example according to acomparative example of the first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a view illustrating an example of data of an access unitaccording to the first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a transmitting device according to thefirst exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a receiving device according to the firstexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a view illustrating an example of an MMT packet according tothe first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a view illustrating another example of the MMT packetaccording to the first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 10 is a view illustrating an example of data input to each decoderaccording to the first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a view illustrating an example of an MMT packet and headerinformation according to the first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a view illustrating another example of data input to eachdecoder according to the first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a view illustrating a picture division example according tothe first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a transmitting method according to the firstexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of the receiving device according to thefirst exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a receiving method according to the firstexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 17 is a view illustrating an example of the MMT packet and theheader information according to the first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 18 is a view illustrating an example of the MMT packet and theheader information according to the first exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 19 is a view illustrating a configuration of an MPU (MediaProcessing Unit);

FIG. 20 is a view illustrating a configuration of MF (Movie Fragment)meta data;

FIG. 21 is a view for explaining a data transmission order;

FIG. 22 is a view illustrating an example of a method for performingdecoding without using header information;

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of a transmitting device according to asecond exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 24 is a flowchart of a transmitting method according to the secondexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of a receiving device according to the secondexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 26 is a flowchart of an operation of specifying an MPU headposition and an NAL (Network Adaptation Layer) unit position;

FIG. 27 is a view of a flowchart of an operation of obtaininginitialization information based on a transmission order type, anddecoding media data based on the initialization information;

FIG. 28 is a flowchart of an operation of the receiving device in thecase where low delay presentation mode is provided;

FIG. 29 is a view illustrating an example of an MMT packet transmissionorder in the case where auxiliary data is transmitted;

FIG. 30 is a view for explaining an example where the transmittingdevice generates auxiliary data based on a configuration of moof;

FIG. 31 is a view for explaining reception of auxiliary data;

FIG. 32 is a flowchart of a receiving operation using auxiliary data;

FIG. 33 is a view illustrating a configuration of an MPU configured by aplurality of movie fragments;

FIG. 34 is a view for explaining an MMT packet transmission order in acase where the MPU configured as in FIG. 33 is transmitted;

FIG. 35 is a first view for explaining an operation example of thereceiving device in a case where one MPU is configured by a plurality ofmovie fragments;

FIG. 36 is a second view for explaining an operation example of thereceiving device in a case where one MPU is configured by a plurality ofmovie fragments;

FIG. 37 is a flowchart of an operation of a receiving method describedwith reference to FIGS. 35 and 36;

FIG. 38 is a view illustrating that non-VCL (Video Coding Layer) NALunits are individual data units and are aggregated;

FIG. 39 is a view illustrating that non-VCL NAL units are collectivelyused as data units;

FIG. 40 is a flowchart of an operation of the receiving device in a casewhere packet loss occurs;

FIG. 41 is a flowchart of a receiving operation in a case where an MPUis divided into a plurality of movie fragments;

FIG. 42 is a view illustrating an example of a picture predictedstructure of each TemporalId in a case where temporal scalability isrealized;

FIG. 43 is a view illustrating a relationship between a decoding time(DTS) and a presentation time (PTS) of each picture in FIG. 42;

FIG. 44 is a view illustrating an example of a picture predictedstructure for which picture delay processing and reorder processing needto be performed;

FIG. 45 is a view illustrating an example where an MPU configured by anMP4 format is divided into a plurality of movie fragments, and is storedin an MMTP (MPEG Media Transport Protocol) payload and an MMTP packet;

FIG. 46 is a view for explaining a method for calculating a PTS and aDTS and matters to be considered;

FIG. 47 is a flowchart of a receiving operation in a case where a DTS iscalculated by using DTS calculation information;

FIG. 48 is a view for explaining a method for storing a data unit in apayload according to MMT;

FIG. 49 is a flowchart of an operation of a transmitting deviceaccording to a third exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 50 is a flowchart of an operation of a receiving device accordingto the third exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 51 is a view illustrating a specific configuration example of thetransmitting device according to the third exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 52 is a view illustrating a specific configuration example of thereceiving device according to the third exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 53 is a view illustrating a method for storing a non-timed mediumin an MPU, and a method for transmitting an MMTP packet;

FIG. 54 is a view illustrating an example where each of a plurality ofitems of divided data obtained by dividing a file is packetized and istransmitted;

FIG. 55 is a view illustrating another example where each of a pluralityof items of divided data obtained by dividing a file is packetized andis transmitted;

FIG. 56 is a view illustrating a syntax of a loop per file in an assetmanagement table;

FIG. 57 is a flowchart of an operation of specifying a divided datanumber in the receiving device;

FIG. 58 is a flowchart of an operation of specifying a number of itemsof divided data in the receiving device;

FIG. 59 is a flowchart of an operation of determining whether or not tooperate fragment counters in the transmitting device;

FIG. 60 is a view for explaining a method for specifying the number ofitems of divided data and divided data numbers (in the case where thefragment counters are used);

FIG. 61 is a flowchart of an operation of the transmitting device in thecase where the fragment counters are used;

FIG. 62 is a flowchart of an operation of the receiving device in thecase where the fragment counters are used;

FIG. 63 is a view illustrating a service configuration in the case wherean identical program is transmitted by a plurality of IP data flows;

FIG. 64 is a view illustrating a specific configuration example of thetransmitting device;

FIG. 65 is a view illustrating a specific configuration example of thereceiving device.

FIG. 66 is a flowchart of an operation example of the transmittingdevice; and

FIG. 67 is a flowchart of an operation example of the receiving device.

FIG. 68 is a view illustrating a receiving buffer model in the casewhere, for example, a broadcast channel is used based on a receivingbuffer model defined according to ARIB STD B-60;

FIG. 69 is a view illustrating an example where a plurality of dataunits is aggregated and is stored in one payload;

FIG. 70 is a view illustrating an example where a plurality of dataunits is aggregated and is stored in one payload, and illustrating anexample where a video signal of an NAL size format is one data unit;

FIG. 71 is a view illustrating a configuration of a payload of an MMTPpacket which does not indicate a data unit length;

FIG. 72 is a view illustrating an extend area allocated in packet units;

FIG. 73 is a view illustrating a flowchart of an operation of thereceiving device;

FIG. 74 is a view illustrating a specific configuration example of thetransmitting device;

FIG. 75 is a view illustrating a specific configuration example of thereceiving device;

FIG. 76 is a view illustrating a flowchart of an operation of thetransmitting device;

FIG. 77 is a view illustrating a flowchart of an operation of thereceiving device;

FIG. 78 is a diagram showing a protocol stack under the MMT/TLV schemedefined according to the ARIB STD-B60;

FIG. 79 is a diagram showing a structure of a TLV packet;

FIG. 80 is a diagram showing an example of a block diagram of thereceiving device;

FIG. 81 is a diagram for explaining time stamp descriptors;

FIG. 82 is a diagram for explaining a leap second adjustment;

FIG. 83 is a diagram showing a relationship among an NTP time, an MPUtime stamp, and MPU presentation timing;

FIG. 84 is a diagram for explaining a correction method for correcting atime stamp on the transmission side;

FIG. 85 is a diagram for explaining a correction method for correcting atime stamp by the receiving device;

FIG. 86 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the transmissionside (transmitting device) in the case where an MPU time stamp iscorrected by the transmission side (transmitting device);

FIG. 87 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the receiving devicein the case where an MPU time stamp is corrected by the transmissionside (transmitting device);

FIG. 88 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the transmissionside (transmitting device) in the case where an MPU time stamp iscorrected by the receiving device;

FIG. 89 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the receiving devicein the case where an MPU time stamp is corrected by the receivingdevice;

FIG. 90 is a diagram showing an example of a specific configuration ofthe transmitting device;

FIG. 91 is a diagram showing an example of a specific configuration ofthe receiving device;

FIG. 92 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the transmittingdevice;

FIG. 93 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the receivingdevice;

FIG. 94 is a diagram showing an extension example of an MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor;

FIG. 95 is a diagram for explaining the case where a discontinuityoccurs in MPU sequence numbers due to an adjustment made to the MPUsequence numbers;

FIG. 96 is a diagram for explaining the case where packet sequencenumbers become discontinuous at the timing of switching from normalfacilities to redundant facilities;

FIG. 97 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the receiving devicein the case where a discontinuity occurs in the MPU sequence numbers orin the packet sequence numbers;

FIG. 98 is a diagram for explaining a correction method of correcting atime stamp by the receiving device at the time of leap second insertion;

FIG. 99 is a diagram for explaining a correction method of correcting atime stamp by the receiving device at the time of leap second deletion;

FIG. 100 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the receivingdevice;

FIG. 101 is a diagram illustrating an example of a specificconfiguration of a transmission and reception system;

FIG. 102 is a diagram illustrating a specific configuration of thereceiving device;

FIG. 103 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the receivingdevice;

FIG. 104 is a diagram for explaining a correction method of correcting atime stamp by the transmission side (transmitting device) at the time ofleap second insertion;

FIG. 105 is a diagram for explaining a correction method of correcting atime stamp by the transmission side (transmitting device) at the time ofleap second deletion;

FIG. 106 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the transmittingdevice, which has been described with reference to FIG. 104;

FIG. 107 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the receivingdevice, which has been described with reference to FIG. 104;

FIG. 108 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the transmittingdevice, which has been described with reference to FIG. 105;

FIG. 109 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the receivingdevice, which has been described with reference to FIG. 105;

FIG. 110 is a diagram illustrating an example of the specificconfiguration of the transmitting device;

FIG. 111 is a diagram illustrating an example of the specificconfiguration of the receiving device;

FIG. 112 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the transmittingdevice (transmitting method); and

FIG. 113 is a flowchart of an operation performed by the receivingdevice (receiving method).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

A receiving method according to one aspect of the present disclosure isa receiving method of receiving a first data unit in which data makingup an encoded stream is stored, the first data unit storing a pluralityof second data units, the receiving method comprising: receiving thefirst data unit, first time information indicating a presentation timeof the first data unit, second time information indicating, togetherwith the first time information, a presentation time or a decoding timeof each of the plurality of second data units, and identificationinformation; calculating the presentation time or the decoding time ofeach of the plurality of second data units received, using the firsttime information and the second time information that are received; andcorrecting the calculated presentation time or the calculated decodingtime of each of the plurality of second data units, based on thereceived identification information.

Such receiving method enables the reproduction of the encoded streamstored in the first data unit, even when a leap second adjustment ismade to the reference time information serving as the reference for thereference clocks of the transmission side and the receiving device.

Moreover, the first time information may be absolute time informationindicating a presentation time of a second data unit positioned at ahead in a presentation order of presenting the plurality of second dataunits.

Moreover, the first time information may be time information which isnot corrected by a transmission side transmitting the first data unit,when a leap second adjustment is made.

Moreover, the second time information may be relative time informationused together with the first time information for calculating thepresentation time or the decoding time of each of the plurality ofsecond data units.

Moreover, the identification information may indicate whether or not thefirst time information has been generated based on reference timeinformation indicating a time that is before a leap second adjustment.The correcting may include: determining whether or not each of theplurality of second data units satisfies a correction conditionincluding (i) the first time information of the first data unit storingeach of the plurality of second data units has been generated based onthe reference time information indicating the time that is before theleap second adjustment, and (ii) the calculated presentation time or thecalculated decoding time of each of the plurality of second data unitsindicates a predetermined time or later; and correcting the presentationtime or the decoding time of the second data unit determined, in thedetermining, to satisfy the correction condition.

Moreover, the reference time information may comply with a network timeprotocol (NTP). Moreover, the identification information may indicatewhether or not the first time information has been generated based onthe reference time information indicating a time within a time rangefrom a time preceding, by a predetermined period of time, a timeimmediately before a leap second adjustment up to the time immediatelybefore the leap second adjustment.

Moreover, the receiving may include receiving a predetermined packet inwhich control information and a plurality of the first data units arestored, the control information including the first time informationcorresponding to each of the plurality of the first data units.

Moreover, the receiving may include receiving an MPEG media transportprotocol (MMTP) packet serving as the predetermined packet, which storesa plurality of media presentation units (MPUs) serving as the first dataunits. The MMTP packet may include, as the control information, an MPUtime stamp descriptor including the first time information, an MPUextended time stamp descriptor including the second time information,and the identification information. The MPU may store a plurality ofaccess units serving as the plurality of second data units.

A transmitting method according to one aspect of the present disclosureis a transmitting method of transmitting a first data unit in which datamaking up an encoded stream is stored, and the first data unit stores aplurality of second data units. The transmitting method includes:generating first time information indicating a presentation time of thefirst data unit, based on reference time information received from anexternal source; and transmitting (i) the first data unit, (ii) thegenerated first time information, and (iii) identification informationindicating that at least one other second data unit may be included inthe first data unit. Each of the at least one other second data unit is:a second data unit which is presented at a presentation time thatrequires correction or decoded at a decoding time that requirescorrection; and a second data unit other than a second data unitpositioned at a head in a presentation order of presenting the pluralityof second data units.

Such transmitting method enables the receiving device to reproduce, atan intended time, the encoded stream stored in the first data unit, evenwhen a leap second adjustment is made to the reference time informationserving as the reference for the reference clocks of the transmissionside and the receiving device.

Moreover, the transmitting may further include transmitting second timeinformation which is relative time information used together with thefirst time information for calculating a presentation time or a decodingtime of each of the plurality of second data units.

Moreover, the first time information may be time information targetedfor correction when a leap second adjustment is made.

Furthermore, when the first time information satisfies a correctioncondition, the first time information may be corrected, and thetransmitting may include transmitting, as the identificationinformation, information indicating whether or not the first timeinformation is information (i) which has been generated, in thegenerating, based on the reference time information indicating a timethat is before a leap second adjustment, and (ii) which has not beencorrected in the correcting. When the identification informationindicates that the first time information has been generated, in thegenerating, based on the reference time information indicating a timethat is before a leap second adjustment, and has not been corrected inthe correcting, the identification information may indicate that the atleast one other second data unit may be included in the first data unit.

Moreover, the correction condition may be that the first timeinformation has been generated based on the reference time informationindicating a time that is before a leap second adjustment and that thefirst time information indicates a predetermined time or later.

Moreover, the identification information may include: firstidentification information indicating whether or not the first timeinformation has been generated based on the reference time informationindicating a time that is before a leap second adjustment; and secondidentification information indicating whether or not the first timeinformation has been corrected.

Moreover, the first identification information may be informationindicating that the first time information has been generated based onthe reference time information indicating a time within a time rangefrom a time preceding, by a predetermined period of time, a timeimmediately before a leap second adjustment up to the time immediatelybefore the leap second adjustment.

Moreover, the first time information may be absolute time informationindicating a presentation time of a second data unit positioned at ahead in a presentation order of presenting the plurality of second dataunits.

Moreover the transmitting may include transmitting a predeterminedpacket storing control information and a plurality of the first dataunits, and the control information includes the first time informationcorresponding to each of the plurality of the first data units.

Moreover, the transmitting may include transmitting an MPEG mediatransport protocol (MMTP) packet serving as the predetermined packet,which stores a plurality of media presentation units (MPUs) serving asthe first data units. The MMTP packet may include, as the controlinformation, an MPU time stamp descriptor including the first timeinformation and an MPU extended time stamp descriptor including thesecond time information. The MPU may store a plurality of access unitsserving as the plurality of second data units.

Moreover, the reference time information may comply with a network timeprotocol (NTP).

Furthermore, a receiving method according to one aspect of the presentdisclosure is a receiving method used by a receiving device whichreceives a first data unit in which data making up an encoded stream isstored, and the first data unit stores a plurality of second data units.The receiving method includes: receiving (i) the first data unit, (ii)first time information indicating a presentation time of the first dataunit, and (iii) identification information indicating that at least oneother second data unit may be included in the first data unit; anddetermining whether or not the at least one other second data unit isincluded in the first data unit indicated by the received identificationinformation indicating that the at least one other second data unit maybe included in the first data unit. Each of the at least one othersecond data unit is: a second data unit which is presented at apresentation time that requires correction or decoded at a decoding timethat requires correction; and a second data unit other than a seconddata unit positioned at a head in a presentation order of presenting theplurality of second data units.

Such receiving method enables the reproduction, at an intended time, ofthe encoded stream stored in the first data unit, even when a leapsecond adjustment is made to the reference time information serving asthe reference for the reference clocks of the transmission side and thereceiving device.

In addition, these comprehensive or specific aspects may be realized bya system, a device, an integrated circuit, a computer program or acomputer-readable recording medium such as a CD-ROM, and may be realizedby an arbitrary combination of the system, the device, the integratedcircuit, the computer program and the recording medium.

Exemplary embodiments will be specifically described below withreference to the drawings.

In addition, the exemplary embodiments described below are each acomprehensive or specific example. Numerical values, shapes, materials,components, placement positions and connection modes of the components,steps and a step order described in the following exemplary embodimentsare exemplary, and by no means limit the present disclosure. Further,components which are not recited in the independent claims representingthe uppermost generic concepts among components in the followingexemplary embodiments will be described as arbitrary components.

(Underlying Knowledge Forming Basis of the Present Disclosure) In recentyears, more displays of TVs, smart phones and table terminals havehigher resolutions. For example, broadcast in Japan schedules a servicefor 8K4K (a resolution is 8K×4K) in 2020. A single decode has difficultyin decoding a moving image of a ultra-high resolution such as 8K4K inreal time. Therefore, a method for performing decoding processing inparallel by using a plurality of decoders has been studied.

Encoded data is multiplexed based on a multiplexing method such asMPEG-2 TS or MMT and transmitted. Therefore, a receiving device needs todemultiplex encoded data of a moving image from multiplexed data.Processing of demultiplexing encoded data from multiplexed data will bereferred to as demultiplexing.

It is necessary to sort decoding target encoded data to each decoder toparallelize decoding processing. It is necessary to analyze the encodeddata to sort the encoded data, a bit rate of content such as 8K is high,and therefore a processing load related to the analysis is great.Therefore, demultiplexing processing is a bottleneck and it is notpossible to perform playback in real time, which has been a matter to beconsidered.

By the way, according to moving image encoding methods such as H.264 andH.265 standardized by MPEG and ITU (International TelecommunicationUnion), a transmitting device can divide a picture into a plurality ofareas called slices or slice segments, and encode the areas such thatthe divided areas can be independently decoded. Hence, in the case ofH.265, for example, a receiving device which receives a broadcast canparallelize decoding processing by demultiplexing data of each slicesegment from received data, and outputting data of each slice segment todifferent decoders.

FIG. 1 is a view illustrating an example where one picture is dividedinto four slice segments according to HEVC (High Efficiency VideoCoding). For example, a receiving device includes four decoders, andeach decoder decodes one of four slice segments.

According to a conventional broadcast, a transmitting device stores onepicture (an access unit according to MPEG system standards) in one PESpacket, and multiplexes a PES packet on a TS packet train. Hence, thereceiving device needs to demultiplex each slice segment bydemultiplexing a payload of the PES packet and analyzing data of theaccess unit stored in the payload, and output data of each demultiplexedslice segment to each decoder.

However, the inventors of the present invention found that a processingamount for analyzing the data of the access unit and demultiplexingslice segments is great, and therefore it is difficult to perform thisprocessing in real time, which is a matter to be considered.

FIG. 2 is a view illustrating an example where data of a picture dividedinto slice segments is stored in a payload of a PES packet.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, for example, items of data of a plurality ofslice segments (slice segments 1 to 4) are stored in a payload of onePES packet. Further, the PES packet is multiplexed on a TS packet train.

First Exemplary Embodiment

A case where H.265 is used as a moving image encoding method will bedescribed below as an example. However, the present exemplary embodimentis applicable to a case where another encoding method such as H.264 isused, too. FIG. 3 is a view illustrating an example where an access unit(picture) according to the present embodiment is divided in divisionunits. The access unit is equally divided into two in horizontal andvertical directions by a function called a tile introduced by H.265, andis divided into four tiles in total. Further, each slice segment andeach tile are associated on a one-to-one basis.

A reason for equally dividing an access unit into two in the horizontaland vertical directions will be described. First, during generaldecoding, a line memory which stores data of one horizontal line isnecessary. However, in the case of an ultra-high resolution such as8K4K, a horizontal direction size increases, and therefore a line memorysize increases. It is desirable to reduce the line memory size forimplementation on the receiving device. It is necessary to divide anaccess unit in the vertical direction to reduce a line memory size. Adata structure which is a tile is necessary to perform division in thevertical direction. For these reasons, tiles are used.

Meanwhile, general images have a high correlation in the horizontaldirection, and therefore when a reference can be made in a wide range inthe horizontal direction, encoding efficiency improves. Therefore, it isdesirable to divide an access unit in the horizontal direction from aviewpoint of encoding efficiency.

By equally dividing an access unit into two in the horizontal andvertical directions, it is possible to realize both of these twocharacteristics, and take into account both of mounting and encodingefficiency. When a single decoder can decode a 4K2K moving image in realtime, the receiving device can decode 8K4K images in real time byequally dividing an 8K4K image into four, and dividing each slicesegment to realize 4K2K.

Next, a reason for associating each tile obtained by dividing an accessunit in the horizontal and vertical directions, and each slice segmenton a one-to-one basis will be described. According to 11.265, an accessunit is configured by units called a plurality of NAL (NetworkAdaptation Layer) units.

In a payload of each NAL unit, one of an access unit delimiterindicating a start position of the access unit, an SPS (Step SequenceParameter Set) which is initialization information which is commonlyused in sequence units during decoding, a PPS (Picture Parameter Set)which is initialization information which is commonly used in a pictureduring decoding, SEI (Step Supplemental Enhancement Information) whichis unnecessary for decoding processing yet is necessary to process anddisplay a decoding result, and encoded data of each slice segment isstored. A header of each NAL unit includes type information foridentifying data to be stored in a payload.

In this regard, the transmitting device can set a basic unit to an NALunit when encoded data is multiplexed in a multiplexing format such asMPEG-2 TS, MMT (MPEG Media Transport), MPEG DASH (Dynamic AdaptiveStreaming over HTTP) or RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol). In order tostore one slice segment in one NAL unit, it is desirable to divide anaccess unit in slice segment units when the access unit is divided intoareas. For this reason, the transmitting device associates each tile andeach slice segment on one-to-one basis.

In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the transmitting device can alsocollectively set tile 1 to tile 4 to one slice segment. However, in thiscase, all tiles are stored in one NAL unit, and the receiving device hasdifficulty in demultiplexing the tiles in a multiplexing layer.

In addition, slice segments include independent slice segments which canbe independently decoded, and reference slice segments which refer tothe independent slice segments. Hereinafter, a case where theindependent slice segments are used will be described.

FIG. 5 is a view illustrating an example of data of an access unitdivided such that boundaries of tiles and slice segments match as shownin FIG. 3. The data of the access unit includes an NAL unit in which anaccess unit delimiter disposed at a head is stored, NAL units of an SPS,a PPS and SEI which are subsequently disposed, and data of slicesegments in which items of data of subsequently disposed tile 1 to tile4 are stored. In addition, data of the access unit may not include partor all of NAL units of an SPS, a PPS and SEI.

Next, a configuration of transmitting device 100 according to thepresent exemplary embodiment will be described. FIG. 6 is a blockdiagram illustrating a configuration example of transmitting device 100according to the present exemplary embodiment. This transmitting device100 includes encoder 101, multiplexer 102, modulator 103 and transmitter104.

Encoder 101 generates encoded data by encoding an input image accordingto H.265, for example. Further, as illustrated in, for example, FIG. 3,encoder 101 divides an access unit into four slice segments (tiles), andencodes each slice segment.

Multiplexer 102 multiplexes the encoded data generated by encoder 101.Modulator 103 modulates the data obtained by the multiplexing.Transmitter 104 transmits the modulated data as a broadcast signal.

Next, a configuration of receiving device 200 according to the presentembodiment will be described. FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating aconfiguration example of receiving device 200 according to the presentexemplary embodiment. This receiving device 200 includes tuner 201,demodulator 202, demultiplexer 203, a plurality of decoders 204A and204D and display 205.

Tuner 201 receives a broadcast signal. Demodulator 202 demodulates thereceived broadcast signal. The demodulated data is input todemultiplexer 203.

Demultiplexer 203 demultiplexes the demodulated data in division units,and outputs the data of each division unit to decoders 204A to 204D. Inthis regard, the division units refer to division areas obtained bydividing an access unit, and are, for example, slice segments accordingto H.265. Further, an 8K4K image is divided into four 4K2K images.Therefore, there are four decoders 204A to 204D.

A plurality of decoders 204A to 204D operates in synchronization witheach other based on a predetermined reference clock. Each decoderdecodes encoded data in each division unit according to a DTS (DecodingTime Stamp) of the access unit, and outputs a decoding result to display205.

Display 205 generates an 8K4K output image by integrating a plurality ofdecoding results output from a plurality of decoders 204A to 204D.Display 205 displays the generated output image according to a PTS(Presentation Time Stamp) of an additionally obtained access unit. Inaddition, display 205 may perform filtering processing such as deblockfiltering to make a tile boundary indistinctive in a boundary area ofneighboring division units when integrating decoding results.

In addition, an example of transmitting device 100 and receiving device200 which transmit and receive broadcast content has been describedabove. However, content may be transmitted and received via acommunication network. When receiving device 200 receives content viathe communication network, receiving device 200 demultiplexesmultiplexed data from IP packets received from a network such as theEthernet (registered trademark).

A broadcast has a fixed channel delay caused until a broadcast signalarrives at receiving device 200 after being transmitted. Meanwhile, dueto an influence of congestion in a communication network such as theInternet, a channel delay caused until data transmitted from a serverarrives at receiving device 200 is not fixed. Hence, receiving device200 does not usually perform strict synchronization and playback basedon a reference clock such as a PCR (Program Clock Reference) accordingto MPEG-2 TS for a broadcast. Hence, receiving device 200 may cause thedisplay to display an 8K4K output image according to the PTS withoutstrictly synchronizing each decoder.

Further, due to communication network congestion, decoding processingfor all division units is not finished at a time indicated by a PTS ofan access unit in some cases. In this case, receiving device 200 skipsdisplaying the access unit or finishes decoding at least four divisionunits, and delays the display of the access unit until generation of the8K4K image is finished.

In addition, content may be transmitted and received by usingbroadcasting and communication in combination. Further, this method isapplicable to play back multiplexed data stored in a recording mediumsuch as a hard disk or a memory.

Next, a method for multiplexing access units divided into slice segmentswhen MMT is used for a multiplexing method will be described.

FIG. 8 is a view illustrating an example where data of an access unitaccording to HEVC is packetized as an MMT packet. An SPS, a PPS and SEIdo not necessarily need to be included in an access unit, yet a casewhere an SPS, a PPS and SEI are in an access unit will be described.

NAL units such as an access unit delimiter, an SPS, a PPS and SEIdisposed before a head slice segment in the access unit are collectivelystored in MMT packet #1. Subsequent slice segments are stored indifferent MMT packets per slice segment.

In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 9, NAL units disposed before a headslice segment in an access unit may be stored in the same MMT packet asthat of the head slice segment.

Further, when an NAL unit such as End-of-Sequence or End-of-Bit streamindicating an end of a sequence or a stream is added at a tail of a lastslice segment, this NAL unit is stored in the same MMT packet as that ofthe last slice segment. In this regard, the NAL unit such asEnd-of-Sequence or End-of-Bit stream is inserted in a decoding processend point or a connection point of two streams. Therefore, desirably,receiving device 200 can easily obtain these NAL units in a multiplexinglayer. In this case, these NAL units may be stored in an MMT packetdifferent from slice segments. Consequently, receiving device 200 caneasily demultiplex these NAL units in the multiplexing layer.

In addition, TS (Transport Stream), DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streamingover HTTP) or RTP may be used for a multiplexing method. According tothese methods, too, transmitting device 100 stores different slicesegments in different packets. Consequently, it is possible to guaranteethat receiving device 200 can demultiplex slice segments in amultiplexing layer.

When, for example, TS is used, encoded data is packetized as a PESpacket in slice segment units. When RTP is used, encoded data ispacketized as an RTP packet in slice segment units. In these cases,similar to MMT packet #1 illustrated in FIG. 8, NAL units disposedbefore slice segments, and slice segments may be separately packetized.

When TS is used, transmitting device 100 indicates units of data to bestored in a PES packet by using a data alignment descriptor. Further,DASH is a method for downloading data units in an MP4 format called asegment by HTTP, and therefore transmitting device 100 does notpacketize encoded data when performing transmission. Hence, transmittingdevice 100 may create a subsample in slice segment units and storeinformation indicating a subsample storage position in an MP4 header toenable receiving device 200 to detect slice segments in a multiplexinglayer according to MP4.

MMT packetization of slice segments will be described below in detail.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, when encoded data is packetized, items of datasuch as an SPS and a PPS which are commonly referred to during decodingof all slice segments in an access unit are stored in MMT packet #1. Inthis case, receiving device 200 couples payload data of MMT packet #1and data of each slice segment, and outputs the obtained data to thedecoders. Thus, receiving device 200 can easily generate items of datainput to the decoders by coupling payloads of a plurality of MMTpackets.

FIG. 10 is a view illustrating an example where items of data input todecoders 204A to 204D are generated from MMT packets illustrated in FIG.8. Demultiplexer 203 generates data which is necessary for decoder 204Ato decode slice segment 1 by coupling items of payload data of MMTpacket #1 and MMT packet #2. Demultiplexer 203 generates items of inputdata likewise for decoder 204B to decoder 204D, too. That is,demultiplexer 203 generates data input to decoder 204B by coupling itemsof payload data of MMT packet #1 and MMT packet #3. Demultiplexer 203generates data input to decoder 204C by coupling items of payload dataof MMT packet #1 and MMT packet #4. Demultiplexer 203 generates datainput to decoder 204D by coupling items of payload data of MMT packet #1and MMT packet #5.

In addition, demultiplexer 203 may remove NAL units such as an accessunit delimiter and SEI which are not necessary for decoding processing,from the payload data of MMT packet #1, demultiplex NAL units such as anSPS and a PPS which are necessary for decoding processing, and add theNAL units to data of slice segments.

When encoded data is packetized as illustrated in FIG. 9, demultiplexer203 outputs to first decoder 204A MMT packet #1 including the head dataof the access unit in the multiplexing layer. Further, demultiplexer 203generates data input to each of the second and subsequence decoders byanalyzing an MMT packet including head data of an access unit in amultiplexing layer, demultiplexing NAL units of an SPS and a PPS, andadding the demultiplexed NAL units of the SPS and the PPS to items ofdata of second and subsequent slice segments.

Furthermore, desirably, by using information included in the header ofthe MMT packet, receiving device 200 can identify a type of data storedin an MMT payload, and an index number of a slice segment in an accessunit in a case where the slice segment is stored in the payload. In thisregard, the data type refers to one of slice segment previous data (NALunits disposed before a head slice segment in an access unit will becollectively referred in this way), and slice segment data. When unitssuch as slice segments obtained by fragmenting an MPU are stored in anMMT packet, a mode for storing an MFU (Media Fragment Unit) is used.When this mode is used, transmitting device 100 can set, for example,Data Unit which is a data basic unit of the MFU to a sample (a data unitaccording to MMT and corresponding to an access unit) or a subsample (aunit obtained by dividing a sample).

In this case, a header of the MMT packet includes a field calledFragmentation indicator, and a field called Fragment counter.

Fragmentation indicator indicates whether or not data to be stored in apayload of an MMT packet is obtained by fragmenting Data unit, andindicates whether the fragment is a head or last fragment of Data unitor a fragment which is not the head or last fragment when the fragmentis obtained by fragmenting Data unit. In other words, Fragmentationindicator included in a header of a given packet is identificationinformation indicating one of that (1) this packet is included in Dataunit which is a basic data unit, that (2) Data unit is divided into aplurality of packets and stored and the packets are head packets of Dataunit, that (3) Data unit is divided into a plurality of packets andstored and the packets are packets other than head and last packets ofData unit, and that (4) Data unit is divided into a plurality of packetsand stored and the packets are last packets of Data unit.

Fragment counter is an index number indicating which fragment of Dataunit data to be stored in an MMT packet corresponds to.

Hence, transmitting device 100 sets a sample according to MMT, to Dataunit, and sets slice segment previous data and each slice segment tofragment units of Data unit, respectively, so that receiving device 200can identify a type of data stored in a payload by using informationincluded in a header of an MMT packet. That is, demultiplexer 203 cangenerate data input to each of decoders 204A to 204D by referring to aheader of an MMT packet.

FIG. 11 is a view illustrating an example where a sample is set to Dataunit, and slice segment previous data and slice segments are packetizedas fragments of Data unit.

The slice segment previous data and the slice segments are divided intofive segments of fragment #1 to fragment #5. Each fragment is stored inan individual MMT packet. In this case, values of Fragmentationindicator and Fragment counter included in a header of the MMT packetare as illustrated in FIG. 11.

For example, Fragmentation indicator is a 2-bit value of a binary digit.Fragment indicator of MMT packet #1 which is a head of Data unit,Fragment indicator of last MMT packet #5 and Fragment indicators of MMTpacket #2 to MMT packet #4 which are in-between packets are set todifferent values. More specifically, Fragment indicator of MMT packet #1which is a head of Data unit is set to 01, Fragment indicator of lastMMT packet #5 are set to 11, and Fragment indicators of MMT packet #2 toMMT packet #4 which are in-between packets are set to 10. In addition,when Data unit includes one MMT packet, Fragment indicator is set to 00.

Further, Fragment counter is 4 which is a value obtained by subtracting1 from 5 which is a total number of fragments in MMT packet #1, valuesof subsequent packets decrease one by one in order, and the value is 0in last MMT packet #5.

Hence, receiving device 200 can identify an MMT packet in which slicesegment previous data is stored, by using one of Fragment indicator andFragment counter. Further, receiving device 200 can identify an MMTpacket in which an Nth slice segment is stored, by referring to Fragmentcounter.

A header of an MMT packet additionally includes a sequence number in anMPU of Movie Fragment to which Data unit belongs, a sequence number ofthe MPU and a sequence number in Movie Fragment of a sample to whichData unit belongs. Demultiplexer 203 can uniquely determine the sampleto which Data unit belongs by referring to these sequence numbers.

Further, demultiplexer 203 can determine an index number of a fragmentin Data unit based on Fragment counter, and, consequently, can uniquelydetermine a slice segment to be stored in the fragment even when packetloss occurs. When, for example, fragment #4 illustrated in FIG. 11cannot be obtained due to packet loss, demultiplexer 203 learns that afragment received next to fragment #3 is fragment #5, and, consequently,can output slice segment 4 stored in fragment #5 to decoder 204D, not todecoder 204C.

In addition, when a channel which is guaranteed not to cause packet lossis used, demultiplexer 203 only needs to periodically process arrivingpackets without determining a type of data stored in an MMT packet or anindex number of a slice segment by referring to a header of the MMTpacket. When, for example, an access unit is transmitted by using fiveMMT packets in total including slice segment previous data and foursslice segments, receiving device 200 can obtain the slice segmentprevious data and items of data of the four slice segments in order bydetermining the slice segment previous data of the access unit whichstarts being decoded, and then processing the received MMT packet inorder.

A modified example of packetization will be described below.

A slice segment does not need to be obtained by dividing a plane of anaccess unit in both of the horizontal direction and the verticaldirection, and, as illustrated in FIG. 1, may be obtained by dividing anaccess unit in the horizontal direction or may be obtained by dividingan access unit in the vertical direction as illustrated in FIG. 1.

Further, when an access unit is divided in the horizontal direction, itis not necessary to use tiles.

Furthermore, the number of divisions of a plane of an access unit isarbitrary and is not limited to four. In this regard, area sizes ofslice segments and tiles need to be a lower limit of encoding standardsof H.265 or more.

Transmitting device 100 may store identification information indicatinga method for dividing a plane of an access unit, in an MMT message or aTS descriptor. For example, information indicating the numbers ofdivisions of a plane in the horizontal direction and the verticaldirection may be stored. Further, unique identification informationindicating that a plane is equally divided into two in the horizontaldirection and the vertical direction, respectively, as illustrated inFIG. 3 or that a plane is equally divided into four in the horizontaldirection as illustrated in FIG. 1 may be allocated to a dividingmethod. When, for example, an access unit is divided as illustrated inFIG. 3, identification information indicates mode 2, and, when an accessunit is divided as illustrated in FIG. 1, the identification informationindicates mode 1.

Further, information indicating a limitation of encoding conditionsrelated to a plane dividing method may be included in a multiplexinglayer. For example, information indicating that one slice segment isconfigured by one tile may be used. Further, information indicating thata reference block for motion compensation during decoding of slicesegments or tiles is limited to a slice segment or a tile at the sameposition in a screen or is limited to a block within a predeterminedrange of neighboring slice segments may be used.

Furthermore, transmitting device 100 may switch whether or not to dividean access unit into a plurality of slice segments according to aresolution of a moving image. For example, transmitting device 100 maydivide an access unit into four when a processing target moving image is8K4K without dividing a plane when a processing target moving image hasa 4K2K resolution. Defining a dividing method in advance in the case ofan 8K4K moving image enables receiving device 200 to determine whetheror not to divide a plane, and the dividing method, and to switch adecoding operation by obtaining a resolution of a moving image to bereceived.

Further, receiving device 200 can detect whether or not to divide aplane by referring to a header of an MMT packet. When, for example, anaccess unit is not divided, if Data unit of MMT is set to a sample, Dataunit is not fragmented. Hence, receiving device 200 can determine thatan access unit is not divided when a value of Fragment counter includedin the header of the MMT packet is zero. Alternatively, receiving device200 may detect whether or not the value of Fragmentation indicator is01. Receiving device 200 can determine that the access unit is notdivided when the value of Fragmentation indicator is 01.

Further, receiving device 200 can support a case where a number ofdivisions of a plane of an access unit and a number of decoders do notmatch. When, for example, receiving device 200 includes two decoders204A and 204B which can decode 8K2K encoded data in real time,demultiplexer 203 outputs to decoder 204A two of four slice segmentsconfiguring the 8K4K encoded data.

FIG. 12 is a view illustrating an operation example in a case where datapacketized as an MMT packet as illustrated in FIG. 8 is input to twodecoders 204A and 204B. In this regard, desirably, receiving device 200can directly integrate and output decoding results of decoders 204A and204B. Hence, demultiplexer 203 selects slice segments to output todecoders 204A and 204B, respectively, such that the decoding results ofdecoders 204A and 204B spatially continue.

Further, demultiplexer 203 may select a decoder to use according to aresolution or a frame rate of moving image encoded data. When, forexample, receiving device 200 includes four 4K2K decoders, and aresolution of an input image is 8K4K, receiving device 200 performsdecoding processing by using all of the four decoders. Further, when aresolution of an input image is 4K2K, receiving device 200 performsdecoding processing by using one decoder. Alternatively, even when aplane is divided into four and when 8K4K can be decoded in real time bya single decoder, demultiplexer 203 integrates all division units tooutput to one decoder.

Further, receiving device 200 may determine a decoder for use by takinginto account a frame rate. There is a case where, when, for example,receiving device 200 includes two decoders whose upper limit of a framerate which enables decoding in real time is 60 fps when a resolution is8K4K, 8K4K encoded data of 120 fps is input. In this case, when a planeis configured by four division units, similar to the example in FIG. 12,slice segment 1 and slice segment 2 are input to decoder 204A, and slicesegment 3 and slice segment 4 are input to decoders 204B. Each ofdecoders 204A and 204B can decode 8K2K encoded data (the resolution is ahalf of 8K4K) up to 120 fps in real time, and therefore these twodecoders 204A and 204B perform decoding processing.

Further, even when the resolution and the frame rate are the same, if aprofile or a level of an encoding method or an encoding method such asH.264 or H.265 is different, a processing amount is different. Hence,receiving device 200 may select a decoder to be used based on thesepieces of information. In addition, when receiving device 200 hasdifficulty in decoding all items of encoded data received by way ofbroadcasting or communication or has difficulty in decoding all slicesegments or tiles configuring an area selected by a user, receivingdevice 200 may automatically determine slice segments or tiles which canbe decoded in a processing range of a decoder. Further, receiving device200 may provide a user interface which the user uses to select an areato be decoded. In this case, receiving device 200 may display a warningmessage indicating that it is difficult to decode all areas, or maydisplay information indicating decodable areas or a number of slicesegments or tiles.

Further, the above method is applicable to a case where an MMT packet inwhich slice segments of the same encoded data are stored is transmittedand received by using a plurality of channels for broadcasting andcommunication, too.

Furthermore, transmitting device 100 may perform encoding such that anarea of each slice segment overlaps to make a boundary of a divisionunit indistinctive. In an example illustrated in FIG. 13, an 8K4Kpicture is divided into slice segments 1 to 4. Each of slice segments 1to 3 is, for example, 8K×1.1K, and slice segment 4 is 8K×1K. Further,neighboring slice segments overlap each other. By so doing, it ispossible to efficiently perform motion compensation during encoding at aboundary in the case where a picture is divided into four as indicatedby dotted lines, so that image quality at the boundary portionsimproves. Thus, it is possible to reduce deterioration of image qualityat the boundary portions.

In this case, display 205 clips an 8K×1K area from an 8K×1.1K area, andintegrates resulting areas. In addition, transmitting device 100 mayseparately transmit information which indicates whether or not slicesegments overlapping each other are encoded and indicates an overlappingrange, and which is included in a multiplexing layer or encoded data.

In addition, when tiles are used, too, the same method is applicable.

An operation flow of transmitting device 100 will be described. FIG. 14is a flowchart illustrating an operation example of transmitting device100.

First, encoder 101 divides a picture (access unit) into a plurality ofslice segments (tiles) which is a plurality of areas (step S101). Next,encoder 101 generates encoded data corresponding to each of a pluralityof slice segments by encoding a plurality of slice segments such that aplurality of slice segments can be independently decoded (step S102). Inaddition, encoder 101 may encode a plurality of slice segments by usinga single encoder or by performing parallel processing in a plurality ofencoders.

Next, multiplexer 102 stores a plurality of items of encoded datagenerated by encoder 101, in a plurality of MMT packets, and multiplexesa plurality of items of encoded data (step S103). More specifically, asillustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, multiplexer 102 stores a plurality ofitems of encoded data in a plurality of MMT packets such that items ofencoded data corresponding to different slice segments are not stored inone MMT packet. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 8, multiplexer 102stores control information which is commonly used for all decoding unitsin a picture, in MMT packet #1 different from a plurality of MMT packets#2 to #5 in which a plurality of items of encoded data is stored. Thecontrol information includes at least one of an access unit delimiter,an SPS, a PPS and SEI.

In addition, multiplexer 102 may store the control information in thesame MMT packet as one of a plurality of MMT packets in which aplurality of items of encoded data is stored. For example, asillustrated in FIG. 9, multiplexer 102 stores control information in ahead MMT packet (MMT packet #1 in FIG. 9) of a plurality of MMT packetsin which a plurality of items of encoded data is stored.

Lastly, transmitting device 100 transmits a plurality of MMT packets.More specifically, modulator 103 modulates data obtained bymultiplexing, and transmitter 104 transmits the modulated data (stepS104).

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example ofreceiving device 200, and is a view illustrating a detailedconfiguration of demultiplexer 203 and a subsequent stage illustrated inFIG. 7. As illustrated in FIG. 15, receiving device 200 further includesdecoding commanding unit 206. Further, demultiplexer 203 includes typediscriminator 211, control information obtaining unit 212, sliceinformation obtaining unit 213 and decoded data generator 214.

An operation flow of receiving device 200 will be described below. FIG.16 is a flowchart illustrating an operation example of receiving device200. Hereinafter, an operation for one access unit will be described.When decoding processing of a plurality of access units is performed,processing of this flowchart is repeated. First, receiving device 200receives, for example, a plurality of packets (MMT packets) generated bytransmitting device 100 (step S201).

Next, type discriminator 211 obtains a type of encoded data stored inthe received packet by analyzing a header of the received packet (stepS202).

Next, type discriminator 211 determines whether the data stored in thereceived packet is slice segment previous data or slice segment data,based on the type of the obtained encoded data (step S203).

When the data stored in the received packets is the slice segmentprevious data (Yes in S203), control information obtaining unit 212obtains the slice segment previous data of a processing target accessunit from a payload of the received packet, and stores the slice segmentprevious data in a memory (step S204).

Meanwhile, when the data stored in the received packet is the slicesegment data (No in step S203), receiving device 200 determines whichencoded data of an area of a plurality of areas the data stored in thereceived packet corresponds to by using header information of thereceived packets. More specifically, slice information obtaining unit213 obtains index numbers Idx of slice segments stored in the receivedpacket by analyzing the header of the received packet (step S205). Morespecifically, index numbers Idx are index numbers in Movie Fragment ofan access unit (a sample according to MMT).

In addition, the processing in this step S205 may be collectivelyperformed in step S202.

Next, decoded data generator 214 determines a decoder which decodes theslice segments (step S206). More specifically, index numbers Idx and aplurality of decoders are associated in advance, and decoded datagenerator 214 determines a decoder which is associated with index numberIdx obtained in step S205 as the decoder which decodes the slicesegments.

In addition, as described with reference to the example in FIG. 12,decoded data generator 214 may determine a decoder which decodes theslice segments based on at least one of a resolution of an access unit(picture), a method for dividing the access unit into a plurality ofslice segments (tiles) and processing performances of a plurality ofdecoders of receiving device 200. For example, decoded data generator214 determines an access unit dividing method based on an MMT message oridentification information in a descriptor such as a TS section.

Next, decoded data generator 214 generates a plurality of items of inputdata (coupled data) input to a plurality of decoders by coupling controlinformation which is included in one of a plurality of packets and iscommonly used for all decoding units in a picture, and each item of aplurality of items of encoded data of a plurality of slice segments.More specifically, decoded data generator 214 obtains slice segment datafrom a payload of the received packet. Decoded data generator 214generates data input to the decoder determined in step S206 by couplingthe slice segment previous data stored in the memory in step S204, andthe obtained slice segment data (step S207).

When data of the received packet is not last data of the access unitafter step S204 or S207 (No in step S208), processing subsequent to stepS201 is performed again. That is, the above processing is repeated untilitems of input data which correspond to a plurality of slice segmentsincluded in the access unit, and are input to a plurality of decoders204A to 204D are generated.

In addition, a timing to receive a packet is not limited to a timingillustrated in FIG. 16, and a plurality of packets may be received inadvance or successively and may be stored in the memory or the like.

Meanwhile, when the data of the received packet is the final data of theaccess unit (Yes in step S208), decoding commanding unit 206 outputs aplurality of items of input data generated in step S207, tocorresponding decoders 204A to 204D (step S209).

Next, a plurality of decoders 204A to 204D generates a plurality ofdecoded images by decoding a plurality of items of input data inparallel according to a DTS of the access unit (step S210).

Lastly, display 205 generates a display image by coupling a plurality ofdecoded images generated by a plurality of decoders 204A to 204D, anddisplays the display image according to a PTS of the access unit (stepS211).

In addition, receiving device 200 obtains a DTS and a PTS of the accessunit by analyzing payload data of an MMT packet in which headerinformation of an MPU or header information of Movie Fragment is stored.Further, receiving device 200 obtains the DTS and the PTS of the accessunit from a header of a PES packet when TS is used for a multiplexingmethod. Receiving device 200 obtains the DTS and the PTS of the accessunit from a header of an RTP packet when RTP is used for a multiplexingmethod.

Further, display 205 may perform filtering processing such as deblockfiltering on each boundary of neighboring division units whenintegrating decoding results of a plurality of decoders. In addition, afilter process is unnecessary when a decoding result of a single decoderis displayed, and therefore display 205 may switch a process accordingto whether or not to perform a filter process on each boundary ofdecoding results of a plurality of decoders. Whether or not it isnecessary to perform the filter process may be defined in advanceaccording to whether or not division is performed. Alternatively,information indicating whether or not it is necessary to performfiltering processing may be additionally stored in a multiplexing layer.Further, information such as a filter coefficient which is necessary forthe filtering processing is stored in an SPS, a PPS, SEI or a slicesegment in some cases. Decoders 204A to 204D or demultiplexer 203obtains these pieces of information by analyzing SEI, and outputs thepieces of obtained information to display 205. Display 205 performs thefiltering processing by using these pieces of information. In addition,when these pieces of information are stored in the slice segment,decoders 204A to 204D desirably obtain these pieces of information.

In addition, an example where types of data stored in fragments are twotypes of slice segment previous data and slice segments has beendescribed above. The data types may be three types or more. In thiscase, classification is performed in step S203 according to a type.

Further, transmitting device 100 may fragment slice segments when a datasize of the slice segments is large to store in an MMT packet. That is,transmitting device 100 may fragment slice segment previous data and theslice segments. In this case, when an access unit and Data unit areequally set as in the example of packetization illustrated in FIG. 11,the following occurs and it is a matter to be dealt with.

When, for example, slice segment 1 is divided into three segments, slicesegment 1 is divided into three packets whose Fragment counter valuesare 1 to 3, and is transmitted. Further, Fragment counter values ofslice segment 2 and subsequent slice segments are 4 or more, and theFragment counter values and data stored in a payload cannot beassociated. Therefore, receiving device 200 has difficulty in specifyinga packet in which head data of the slice segments is stored, based onthe header information of an MMT packet.

In such a case, receiving device 200 may analyze data of the payload ofthe MMT packet, and specify a start position of the slice segments. Inthis regard, formats for storing NAL units in a multiplexing layeraccording to H.264 or H.265 includes two types of a format which iscalled a byte stream format for adding a start code including a specificbit sequence immediately before an NAL unit header, and a format whichis called an NAL size format for adding a field indicating an NAL unitsize.

The byte stream format is used for an MPEG-2 system and RTP. The NALsize format is used for MP4, and DASH and MMT which use MP4.

When the byte stream format is used, receiving device 200 analyzeswhether or not head data of a packet matches with the a start code. Whenthe head data of the packet and the start code match, receiving device200 can detect whether or not data included in a packet is data of aslice segment by obtaining an NAL unit type from a subsequent NAL unitheader.

Meanwhile, in the case of the NAL size format, receiving device 200 hasdifficulty in detecting a start position of an NAL unit based on a bitsequence. Hence, receiving device 200 needs to shift a pointer byreading data according to the NAL unit size in order from a head NALunit of an access unit to obtain a start position of the NAL units.

However, when a subsample unit size is indicated in an MPU or a headerof Movie Fragment according to MMT, and the subsample corresponds toslice segment previous data or a slice segment, receiving device 200 canspecify a start position of each NAL unit based on subsample sizeinformation. Hence, transmitting device 100 may give informationindicating whether or not there is the subsample unit information in anMPU or Movie Fragment, to information such as MMT or MPT (Media TransferProtocol) obtained when receiving device 200 starts receiving data.

In addition, data of the MPU is extended based on an MP4 format. MP4includes a mode that parameter sets such as an SPS and a PPS accordingto H.264 or H.265 can be stored as sample data, and a mode that it isdifficult to store the parameter sets. Further, information forspecifying this mode is indicated as an entry name of SampleEntry. Whenthe mode that the parameter sets can be stored is used and the parametersets are included in a sample, receiving device 200 obtains theparameter sets according to the above method.

Meanwhile, when the mode that it is difficult to store the parametersets is used, the parameter sets are stored as Decoder SpecificInformation in SampleEntry or are stored by using a parameter setstream. In this regard, the parameter set stream is not generally used,and therefore transmitting device 100 desirably stores the parametersets in Decoder Specific Information. In this case, receiving device 200obtains the parameter sets to which the access unit refers by analyzingSampleEntry transmitted as meta data of the MPU in the MMT packet or asmeta data of Movie Fragment.

When the parameter sets are stored as sample data, receiving device 200can obtain the parameter sets which are necessary for decoding byreferring to the sample data without referring to SampleEntry. In thiscase, transmitting device 100 may not store the parameter sets inSampleEntry. By so doing, transmitting device 100 can use identicalSampleEntry in different MPUs, so that it is possible to reduce aprocess load of transmitting device 100 during generation of MPUs.Further, it is possible to provide an advantage that receiving device200 does not need to refer to the parameter sets in SampleEntry.

Furthermore, transmitting device 100 may store one default parameter setin SampleEntry, and store parameter sets to which the access unitrefers, in sample data. According to conventional MP4, the parametersets are generally stored in SampleEntry, and therefore when there areno parameter sets in SampleEntry, a receiving device which stopsplayback may exist. By using the above method, it is possible to solvethis matter.

Further, transmitting device 100 may store parameter sets in sample datawhen parameter sets different from default parameter sets are used.

In addition, both of the modes enable parameter sets to be stored inSampleEntry, and therefore transmitting device 100 may store theparameter sets in VisualSampleEntry and receiving device 200 may obtainparameter sets from VisualSampleEntry.

In addition, according to MMT standards, MP4 header information such asMoov and Moof is transmitted as MPU meta data or movie fragment data.However, transmitting device 100 may not necessarily transmit MPU metadata and movie fragment meta data. Further, receiving device 200 canalso determine whether or not an SPS and a PPS are stored in sample databased on whether or not service according to ARIB (Association of RadioIndustries and Businesses) standards, an asset type or an MPU meta istransmitted.

FIG. 17 is a view illustrating an example where slice segment previousdata and each slice segment are set to different Data units,respectively.

In an example illustrated in FIG. 17, data sizes of slice segmentprevious data and slice segment 1 to slice segment 4 are Length #1 toLength #5, respectively. Each field value of Fragmentation indicator,Fragment counter and Offset included in a header of an MMT packet areillustrated in FIG. 17.

In this regard, Offset is offset information indicating a bit length(offset) from a head of encoded data of a sample (an access unit or apicture) to which payload data belongs, to a head byte of the payloaddata (encoded data) included in the MMT packet. In addition, that avalue of Fragment counter starts from a value obtained by subtracting 1from a total number of fragments will be described; however, the valueof Fragment counter may start from another value.

FIG. 18 is a view illustrating an example where Data unit is fragmented.In the example illustrated in FIG. 18, slice segment 1 is divided intothree fragments, and the fragments are stored in MMT packet #2 to MMTpacket #4, respectively. In this case, too, when data sizes of thefragments are Length #2_1 to Length #2_3, each field value is asillustrated in FIG. 18.

Thus, when a data unit such as a slice segment is set to Data unit, ahead of an access unit and a head of a slice segment can be determinedas follows based on a field value of an MMT packet header.

A head of a payload in a packet in a packet whose Offset value is 0 is ahead of an access unit.

A head of a payload of a packet whose Offset value takes a valuedifferent from 0 and whose Fragmentation indicator value takes 00 or 01is a head of a slice segment.

Further, when Data unit is not fragmented and packet loss does notoccur, either, receiving device 200 can specify index numbers of slicesegments to be stored in an MMT packet based on the number of slicesegments obtained after the head of the access unit is detected.

Furthermore, even when Data unit of the slice segment previous data isfragmented, receiving device 200 can detect the heads of the access unitand the slice segment likewise.

Still further, even when packet loss occurs or even when an SPS, a PPSand SEI included in slice segment previous data are set to differentData units, receiving device 200 can specify a start position of a slicesegment or a tile in a picture (access unit) by specifying an MMT packetin which head data of a slice segment is stored based on an analysisresult of an MMT header, and then analyzing a header of the slicesegment. A processing amount of slice header analysis is small, and aprocessing load does not need to be taken into consideration.

Thus, each item of a plurality of items encoded data of a plurality ofslice segments is associated with a basic data unit (Data unit) which isa unit of data to be stored in one or more packets on a one-to-onebasis. Further, each item of a plurality of items of encoded data isstored in one or more MMT packets.

Header information of each MMT packet includes Fragmentation indicator(identification information) and Offset (offset information).

Receiving device 200 determines as a head of encoded data of each slicesegment a head of payload data included in a packet including headerinformation including Fragmentation indicator whose value is 00 or 01.More specifically, receiving device 200 determines as a head of encodeddata of each slice segment a head of payload data included in a packetincluding header information including offset whose value is not 0 andFragmentation indicator whose value is 00 or 01.

Further, in an example in FIG. 17, a head of Data unit is one of a headof an access unit and a head of a slice segment, and a value ofFragmentation indicator is 00 or 01. Furthermore, receiving device 200can also detect a head of an access unit or a head of slice segmentswithout by referring to Offset, by referring to an NAL unit type and bydetermining whether a head of Data Unit is an access unit delimiter or aslice segment.

Thus, transmitting device 100 performs packetization such that a head ofNAL units starts from a head of a payload of an MMT packet.Consequently, even when slice segment previous data is divided into aplurality of Data units, receiving device 200 can detect the access unitor the head of the slice segments by analyzing Fragmentation indicatorand the NAL unit header. An NAL unit type is in a head byte of an NALunit header. Hence, when analyzing a header portion of an MMT packet,receiving device 200 can obtain an NAL unit type by additionallyanalyzing data of one byte.

In the case of an audio, receiving device 200 only needs to detect ahead of an access unit, and perform determination based on whether avalue of Fragmentation indicator is 00 or 01.

Further, as described above, when encoded data encoded to enabledivision and decoding is stored in a PES packet according to MPEG-2 TS,transmitting device 100 can use a data alignment descriptor. An exampleof a method for storing encoded data in a PES packet will be describedbelow in detail.

According to, for example, HEVC, transmitting device 100 can indicatewhich one of an access unit, a slice segment and a tile data to bestored in a PES packet corresponds to by using the data alignmentdescriptor. Alignment types according to HEVC are defined as follows.

Alignment type=8 indicates a slice segment of HEVC. Alignment type=9indicates a slice segment or an access unit of HEVC. Alignment type=12indicates a slice segment or a tile of HEVC.

Consequently, transmitting device 100 can indicate which one of theslice segment and slice segment previous data the data of the PES packetcorresponds to by, for example, using type 9. Instead of slice segments,a type indicating a slice is additionally defined, so that transmittingdevice 100 may use a type indicating a slice instead of a slice segment.

Further, a DTS and a PTS included in a header of the PES packet are setin a PES packet including head data of an access unit. Consequently,when the type is 9 and the PES packet includes a field of a DTS or aPTS, receiving device 200 can determine that the entire access unit or adivision unit of a head of the access unit is stored in the PES packet.

Further, transmitting device 100 may use a field such astransport_priority indicating a priority of a TS packet in which a PESpacket including head data of an access unit is stored to enablereceiving device 200 to distinguish data included in a packet.Furthermore, receiving device 200 may determine data included in apacket by analyzing whether or not a payload of the PES packet is anaccess unit delimiter. Still further, data_alignment_indicator of a PESpacket header indicates whether or not data is stored in the PES packetaccording to these types. It is guaranteed that, when 1 is set to thisflag (data_alignment_indicator), data stored in the PES packet conformsto the type indicated in the data alignment descriptor.

Further, transmitting device 100 may use the data alignment descriptorwhen performing PES packetization in division decodable units such asslice segments. Consequently, receiving device 200 can determine thatencoded data is packetized as a PES packet in division decodable unitswhen there is the data alignment descriptor, and can determine that theencoded data is packetized as a PES packet in units of access units whenthere is no data alignment descriptor. In addition, whendata_alignment_indicator is set to 1, and there is no data alignmentdescriptor, the MPEG-2 TS standards define that a unit of PESpacketization unit is an access unit.

Receiving device 200 can determine that encoded data is packetized as aPES packet in division decodable units when a PMT (program Map Table)includes the data alignment descriptor, and generate data input to eachdecoder based on packetized units. Further, when the PMT does notinclude the data alignment descriptor and it is determined that it isnecessary to decode encoded data in parallel based on programinformation or information of another descriptor, receiving device 200generates data input to each decoder by analyzing a slice header of aslice segment. Furthermore, when a single decoder can decode encodeddata, receiving device 200 causes the decoder to decode data of theentire access unit. In addition, when information indicating thatencoded data is configured by division decodable units such as slicesegments or tiles is additionally indicated by the descriptor of thePMT, receiving device 200 may determine whether or not encoded data canbe decoded in parallel based on an analysis result of the descriptor.

Further, a DTS and a PTS included in a header of the PES packet are setin a PES packet including head data of an access unit. Therefore, whenan access unit is divided and packetized as a PES packet, second andsubsequent PES packets do not include information indicating the DTS andthe PTS of the access unit. Hence, when decoding processing is performedin parallel, each of decoders 204A to 204D and display 205 use the DTSand the PTS stored in the header of the PES packet including head dataof the access unit.

Second Exemplary Embodiment

A method for storing data of an NAL size format in an MP4 format-basedMPU according to MMT will be described in the second exemplaryembodiment. In addition, the method for storing data in an MPU used inMMT will be described as an example below. Such a storage method isapplicable to the same MP4 format-based DASH, too.

[Storage Method for MPU]

According to an MP4 format, a plurality of access units is collectivelystored in one MP4 file. Data of each medium is stored in one MP4 file inan MPU used for MMT, and data can include an arbitrary number of accessunits. The MPU is a unit which can be decoded alone, and thereforeaccess units are stored in the MPU in GOP (Group Of Picture) units.

FIG. 19 is a view illustrating a configuration of an MPU. An MPU head isftyp, mmpu and moov which are collectively defined as MPU meta data.Initialization information which is common between files, and an MMThint track are stored in moov.

Further, information (Step Sample_duration, sample_size, andsample_composition_time_offset) which makes it possible to specifyinitialization information and each size of each sample or eachsubsample, and a presentation time (PTS) and a decoding time (DTS), anddata_offset indicating a data position are stored in moof.

Further, a plurality of access unit is stored as each sample in mdat(mdat box). Data except for samples among moof and mdat is defined asmovie fragment meta data (described as MF meta data below), and sampledata of mdat is defined as media data.

FIG. 20 is a view illustrating a configuration of MF meta data. Asillustrated in FIG. 20, the MF meta data more specifically includestype, length and data of moof box (moof), and type and length of mdatbox (mdat).

When an access unit is stored in MP4 data, there are a mode thatparameter sets such as an SPS and a PPS according to 11.264 or 11.265can be stored as sample data and a mode that it is difficult to storethe parameter sets.

In this regard, in the mode that it is difficult to store the parametersets, the parameter sets are stored in Decoder Specific Information ofSampleEntry in moov. Further, in the mode that the parameter sets can bestored, the parameter sets are included in a sample.

Each of MPU meta data, MF meta data and media data is stored in an MMTpayload, and a fragment type (FT) is stored as an identifier whichenables identification of these items of data in a header of the MMTpayload. FT=0 indicates MPU meta data, FT=1 indicates MF meta data andFT=2 indicates media data.

In addition, FIG. 19 illustrates an example where MPU meta data unitsand MF meta data units are stored as data units in an MMT payload.However, units such as ftyp, mmpu, moov and moof may be stored as dataunits in the MMT payload in units of data units. Similarly, FIG. 19illustrates an example where sample units are stored as data units inthe MMT payload. However, sample units and units of NAL units mayconfigure data units, and these data units may be stored in the MMTpayload as units of data units. Units obtained by further fragmentingsuch data units may be stored in the MMT payload.

[Conventional Transmitting Method, and Matters to be Considered]

Conventionally, when a plurality of access units is encapsulated in anMP4 format, and at a point of time at which all samples to be stored inMP4 are ready, moov and moof are created.

When the MP4 format is transmitted in real time by way of broadcastingand when, for example, samples to be stored in one MP4 file are GOPunits, time samples of the GOP units are accumulated and then moov andmoof are created, and therefore the encapsulation causes a delay. Suchencapsulation at the transmission side increases an End-to-End delay bya GOP unit time. Thus, it is difficult to provide service in real time,and service for viewers deteriorates when, for example, live content istransmitted.

FIG. 21 is a view for explaining a data transmission order. When MMT isapplied to broadcasting, and when MMT packets are transmitted in an MPUconfiguration order (transmitted in order of MMT packets #1, #2, #3, #4,and #5) as illustrated in (a) in FIG. 21, encapsulation causes a delayduring transmission of the MMT packets.

A method for not transmitting MPU header information such as MPU metadata and MF meta data (not transmitting packets #1 and #2 andtransmitting packets #3 to #5 in order) as illustrated in (b) in FIG. 21to prevent this delay caused by encapsulation has been proposed.Further, as illustrated in (c) in FIG. 21, a method for transmittingmedia data in advance without waiting for creation of MPU headerinformation, and transmitting the MPU header information (transmittingpackets #3 to #5, #1, and #2 in order) after transmitting the media datamay be used.

The receiving device performs decoding without using the MPU headerinformation when MPU header information is not transmitted, or thereceiving device waits for the MPU header information to be obtained,and performs decoding when the MPU header information is transmittedsubsequent to media data.

However, it is not guaranteed that conventional MP4-compliant receivingdevices perform decoding without using MPU header information. Further,when the receiving device uses a conventional transmitting method toperform decoding without using an MPU header by another process, thedecoding process becomes complicated, and it is highly likely that it isdifficult to perform decoding in real time. Furthermore, when thereceiving device waits for MPU header information to be obtained, andperforms decoding, the receiving device needs to buffer media data untilthe receiving device obtains the header information. However, a buffermodel is not defined, and decoding has not been guaranteed.

Hence, a transmitting device according to the second exemplaryembodiment transmits MPU meta data prior to media data by storing commoninformation in the MPU meta data as illustrated in (d) in FIG. 21.Further, the transmitting device according to the second exemplaryembodiment transmits, subsequent to media data, MF meta data which isgenerated with a delay. Thus, there is provided the transmitting methodor the receiving method which can guarantee that media data is decoded.

A receiving method in a case where each transmitting method is used in(a) to (d) in FIG. 21 will be described below.

According to each transmitting method illustrated in FIG. 21, first, MPUdata is configured in order by data MPU meta data, MF meta data andmedia data.

When the transmitting device transmits items of data in order of the MPUmeta data, the MF meta data and the media data as illustrated in (a) inFIG. 21 after configuring the MPU data, the receiving device can performdecoding according to one of following methods (A-1) and (A-2).

(A-1) The receiving device obtains the MPU header information (the MPUmeta data and the MF meta data), and then decodes the media data byusing the MPU header information.

(A-2) The receiving device decodes the media data without using the MPUheader information.

According to both of the methods, encapsulation causes a delay at thetransmission side. However, there is an advantage that the receivingdevice does not need to buffer the media data to obtain an MPU header.When the receiving device does not perform buffering, a memory for thebuffering does not need to be mounted, and, moreover, a buffering delaydoes not occur. Further, method (A-1) is applicable to conventionalreceiving devices, too, since decoding is performed by using MPU headerinformation.

When the transmitting device transmits the media data as illustrated in(b) in FIG. 21, the receiving device can perform decoding according tofollowing method (B-1).

(B-1) The receiving device decodes the media data without using the MPUheader information.

Further, although not illustrated, when MPU meta data is transmittedbefore media data in (b) in FIG. 21 is transmitted, it is possible toperform decoding according to following method (B-2).

(B-2) The receiving device decodes media data by using MPU meta data.

Both of above methods (B-1) and (B-2) have an advantage thatencapsulation does not cause a delay at the transmission side and it isnot necessary to buffer media data to obtain an MPU header. However,according to both of methods (B-1) and (B-2), decoding is not performedby using MPU header information, and therefore it may be necessary toperform another processing for decoding.

When the transmitting device transmits items of data in order of mediadata, MPU meta data, and MF meta data as illustrated in (c) in FIG. 21,the receiving device can perform decoding according to one of followingmethods (C-1) and (C-2).

(C-1) The receiving device obtains the MPU header information (the MPUmeta data and the MF meta data), and then decodes the media data.

(C-2) The receiving device decodes the media data without using the MPUheader information.

However, when above method (C-1) is used, it is necessary to buffer themedia data to obtain MPU header information. By contrast with this, whenabove method (C-2) is used, it is not necessary to perform buffering toobtain the MPU header information.

Further, according to both of above methods (C-1) and (C-2),encapsulation does not cause a delay at the transmission side.Furthermore, according to above (D-2) method, the MPU header informationis not used, and therefore it may be necessary to perform anotherprocess.

When the transmitting device transmits items of data in order of MPUmeta data, media data and MF meta data as illustrated in (d) in FIG. 21,the receiving device can perform decoding according to one of followingmethods (D-1) and (D-2).

(D-1) The receiving device obtains MPU meta data, then further obtainsMF meta data and subsequently decodes media data.

(D-2) The receiving device obtains the MPU meta data, and then decodesmedia data without using the MF meta data.

While, when above method (D-1) is used, it is necessary to buffer themedia data to obtain the MF meta data, it is not necessary to performbuffering to obtain the MF meta data in the case of above method (D-2).

According to above (D-2) method, decoding is not performed by using MFmeta data, and therefore it may be necessary to perform another process.

As described above, there is an advantage that, when it is possible toperform decoding by using MPU meta data and MF meta data, evenconventional MP4 receiving devices can perform decoding.

In addition, in FIG. 21, the MPU data is configured in order of the MPUmeta data, the MF meta data and the media data, and, in moof, positioninformation (offset) of each sample or each subsample is defined in moofbased on this configuration. Further, the MF meta data includes data (asize or a type of box), too, other than media data in mdat box.

Hence, when the receiving device specifies the media data based on theMF meta data, the receiving device reconfigures data in an MPU dataconfiguration order irrespectively of a data transmission order, andthen performs decoding by using the moov of the MPU meta data or moof ofthe MF meta data.

In addition, in FIG. 21, the MPU data is configured in order by the MPUmeta data, the MF meta data and the media data. However, the MPU datamay be configured in a different order from that in FIG. 21, andposition information (offset) may be defined.

For example, MPU data may be configured in order of MPU meta data, mediadata and MF meta data, and negative position information (offset) may beindicated in MF meta data. In this case, too, irrespectively of a datatransmission order, the receiving device reconfigures items of data inan MPU data configuration order at the transmission side, and thenperforms decoding by using moov or moof.

In addition, the transmitting device may signal information indicatingan MPU data configuration order, and the receiving device mayreconfigure data based on the signaled information.

As described above, as illustrated in (d) in FIG. 21, the receivingdevice receives the packetized MPU meta data, the packetized media data(sample data) and the packetized MF meta data in order. In this regard,the MPU meta data is an example of first meta data, and the MF meta datais an example of second meta data.

Next, the receiving device reconfigures the MPU data (MP4 format file)including the received MPU meta data, the received MF meta data and thereceived sample data. Further, the receiving device decodes the sampledata included in the reconfigured MPU data by using the MPU meta dataand the MF meta data. The MF meta data is meta data including data(e.g., length stored in mbox) which can be generated after thetransmission side generates sample data.

In addition, more specifically, operations of the above receiving deviceare performed by each component which composes the receiving device. Forexample, the receiving device includes a receiver which receives thedata, a reconfiguring unit which reconfigures the MPU data, and adecoder which decodes the MPU data. In addition, each of the receiver,the generator and the decoder is realized by a microcomputer, aprocessor or a dedicated circuit.

[Method for Performing Decoding without Using Header Information]

Next, a method for performing decoding without using header informationwill be described. Hereinafter, a method for performing decoding withoutusing header information in the receiving device irrespectively ofwhether or not the transmission side transmits the header informationwill be described. That is, this method is applicable to a case whereeach transmitting method described with reference to FIG. 21 is used,too. In this regard, part of decoding methods is applicable in the caseof a specific transmitting method.

FIG. 22 is a view illustrating an example of a method for performingdecoding without using header information. FIG. 22 illustrates MMTpayloads and MMT packets including media data, and does not illustrateMMT payloads and MMT packets including MPU meta data and MF meta data.Further, as described below with reference to FIG. 22, media databelonging to the same MPU is continuously transferred. Furthermore, acase where each sample is stored as media data in each payload will bedescribed as an example. In the following description of FIG. 22, an NALunit may be stored or fragmented NAL units may be stored.

The receiving device needs to first obtain initialization informationnecessary for decoding to decode media data. Further, when a medium is avideo, the receiving device needs to obtain initialization informationof each sample, specify a start position of an MPU which is a randomaccess unit and obtain start positions of a sample and an NAL unit.Furthermore, the receiving device needs to specify a decoding time (DTS)and a presentation time (PTS) of each sample.

Hence, the receiving device can perform decoding by, for example, usingthe following method without using header information. In addition, whenunits of NAL units or units obtained by fragmenting NAL units are storedin a payload, a “sample” in the following description needs to be readas “an NAL unit of a sample”.

<Random Access (=to Specify Head Sample of MPU)>

When header information is not transmitted, there are following method 1and method 2 to enable the receiving device to specify a head sample ofan MPU. In addition, when header information is transmitted, method 3can be used.

[Method 1] The receiving device obtains a sample included in an MMTpacket of ‘RAP_flag=1’ in an MMT packet header.

The receiving device obtains a sample included in an MMT packet of‘RAP_flag=1’ in an MMT packet header.

[Method 2] The receiving device obtains a sample of ‘sample number=0’ inan MMT payload header.

[Method 3] When at least one of MPU meta data and MF meta data istransmitted at least before or after media data, the receiving deviceobtains a sample included in an MMT payload whose fragment type (FT) inthe MMT payload header has been switched to media data.

In addition, according to method 1 and method 2, when there is a mix ofa plurality of samples belonging to different MPUs in one payload, it isnot possible to determine which NAL unit is a random access point(RAP_flag=1 or sample number=0). Hence, it is necessary to set alimitation that samples of different MPUs are not mixed in one payload,or a limitation that, when samples of different MPUs are mixed in onepayload, and a last (or first) sample is a random access point, RAP_flagis 1.

Further, the receiving device needs to shift a pointer by reading dataaccording to the NAL unit size in order from a head NAL unit of a sampleto obtain a start position of the NAL unit.

When data is fragmented, the receiving device can specify a data unit byreferring to fragment_indicator or fragment_number.

<Determination of DTS of Sample>

A method for determining a DTS of a sample includes following method 1and method 2.

[Method 1] The receiving device determines a DTS of a head sample basedon a predicted structure. In this regard, according to this method, itis necessary to analyze encoded data and it is difficult to decode theencoded data in real time, and therefore next method 2 is desirable.

[Method 2] The receiving device additionally transmits a DTS of a headsample, and obtains a DTS of the transmitted head sample. Transmittingmethods for transmitting a DTS of a head sample include, for example, amethod for transmitting a DTS of an MPU head sample by using MMT-SI(MMT-Signaling Information), and a method for transmitting a DTS of eachsample by using an MMT packet header extended area. In addition, the DTSmay be an absolute value or a relative value with respect to a PTS.Further, signaling whether or not a DTS of the head sample is includedin the transmission side may be performed.

In addition, according to both of method 1 and method 2, DTSs ofsubsequent samples are calculated as a fixed frame rate.

Methods for storing a DTS of each sample in a packet header include amethod for using an extended area and, in addition, a method for storinga DTS of a sample included in an MMT packet, in an NTP (Network TimeProtocol) time stamp field of 32 bits in an MMT packet header. When itis difficult to express the DTS by a number of bits (32 bits) of onepacket header, the DTS may be expressed by using a plurality of packetheaders. Further, the DTS may be expressed by a combination of an NTPtime stamp field and an extended area of a packet header. When DTSinformation is not included, a known value (e.g. ALL0) is used.

<Determination of PTS of Sample>

The receiving device obtains a PTS of a head sample from an MPU timestamp descriptor of each asset included in an MPU. The receiving devicecalculates PTSs of subsequent samples from parameters indicating asample display order such as a POC (Proof Of Concept) assuming a fixedframe rate. Thus, to calculate a DTS and a PTS without using headerinformation, it is necessary to perform transmission at a fixed framerate.

Further, when MF meta data is transmitted, the receiving device cancalculate absolute values of a DTS and a PTS based on relative timeinformation of the DTS or the PTS of the head sample indicated in the MFmeta data, and an absolute value of a time stamp of an MPU head sampleindicated in an MPU time stamp descriptor.

In addition, when a DTS and a PTS are calculated by analyzing encodeddata, the receiving device may calculate the DTS and the PTS by usingSEI information included in an access unit.

<Initialization Information (Parameter Sets)>

[In the Case of Video]

In the case of a video, parameter sets are stored in sample data.Further, it is guaranteed that, when MPU meta data and MF meta data arenot transmitted, it is possible to obtain necessary parameter sets fordecoding by referring to sample data.

Further, as illustrated in (a) and (d) in FIG. 21, it may be definedthat, when MPU meta data is transmitted prior to media data, parametersets are not stored in SampleEntry. In this case, the receiving devicerefers to the parameter sets in a sample without referring to theparameter sets of SampleEntry.

Further, when MPU meta data is transmitted prior to media data,parameter sets which are common between MPUs and default parameter setsare stored in SampleEntry, and the receiving device may refer toparameter sets of Sample Entry and parameter sets in a sample. Theparameter sets are stored in SampleEntry, so that even conventionalreceiving devices has difficulty in performing decoding when there areno parameter sets in SampleEntry.

[In the Case of Audio]

In the case of an audio, an LATM (Low Overhead Audio TransportMultiplex) header is necessary for decoding, and, according to MP4, anLATM header needs to be included in a sample entry. However, when headerinformation is not transmitted, it is difficult for the receiving deviceto obtain an LATM header, and therefore the LATM header is additionallyincluded in control information such as SI. In addition, an LATM headermay be included in a message, a table or a descriptor. In addition, anLATM header is included in a sample in some cases.

The receiving device obtains the LATM header from the SI before startingdecoding, and starts decoding an audio. Alternatively, as illustrated in(a) and (d) in FIG. 21, when MPU meta data is transmitted prior to mediadata, the receiving device can receive an LATM header prior to the mediadata. Consequently, when the MPU meta data is transmitted prior to themedia data, it is possible to perform decoding even by usingconventional receiving devices.

<Others>

A transmission order or a transmission order type may be notified as anMMT packet header, a payload header, an MPT or control information suchas another table, a message or a descriptor. In addition, thetransmission order type described herein is, for example, four types oftransmission orders in (a) to (d) in FIG. 21, and needs to be stored ina location from which each identifier for identifying each type can beobtained before decoding starts.

Further, for the transmission order types, different types between anaudio and a video may be used, or common types between an audio and avideo may be used. More specifically, for example, an audio istransmitted in order of MPU meta data, MF meta data, and media data asillustrated in (a) in FIG. 21, and a video may be transmitted in orderof MPU meta data, media data and MF meta data as illustrated in (d) inFIG. 21.

According to the above-described method, the receiving device canperform decoding without using header information. Further, when MPUmeta data is transmitted prior to media data ((a) and (d) in FIG. 21),even conventional receiving devices can perform decoding.

For example, when MF meta data is transmitted subsequent to media data((d) in FIG. 21), encapsulation does not cause a delay and evenconventional receiving devices can perform decoding.

[Configuration and Operation of Transmitting Device]

Next, a configuration and an operation of the transmitting device willbe described. FIG. 26 is a block diagram of the transmitting deviceaccording to a second exemplary embodiment, and FIG. 27 is a flowchartillustrating a transmitting method according to the second exemplaryembodiment.

As illustrated in FIG. 23, transmitting device 15 includes encoder 16,multiplexer 17 and transmitter 18.

Encoder 16 generates encoded data by encoding an encoding target videoor audio according to, for example, H.265 (step S10).

Multiplexer 17 multiplexes (packetizes) the encoded data generated byencoder 16 (step S11). More specifically, multiplexer 17 packetizes eachof sample data, MPU meta data and MF meta data configuring an MP4 formatfile. The sample data is data obtained by encoding a video signal or anaudio signal, the MPU meta data is an example of first meta data and theMF meta data is an example of second meta data. The first meta data andthe second meta data are each meta data used for decoding sample data,and differ in that the second meta data includes data which can begenerated after the sample data is generated.

In this regard, the data which can be generated after the sample data isgenerated is, for example, data other than the sample data which isstored in mdat of an MP4 format (data in a header of mdat, i.e., typeand length illustrated in FIG. 20). In this regard, the second meta datamay include length which is at least part of this data.

Transmitter 18 transmits the packetized MP4 format file (step S12).Transmitter 18 transmits the MP4 format file according to, for example,the method illustrated in (d) in FIG. 21. That is, transmitter 18transmits the packetized MPU meta data, the packetized sample data andthe packetized MF meta data in this order.

In addition, each of encoder 16, multiplexer 17 and transmitter 18 isrealized by a microcomputer, a processor or a dedicated circuit.

[Configuration of Receiving Device]

Next, a configuration and an operation of the receiving device will bedescribed. FIG. 25 is a block diagram of the receiving device accordingto the second exemplary embodiment.

As illustrated in FIG. 25, receiving device 20 includes packet filter21, transmission order type discriminator 22, random access unit 23,control information obtaining unit 24, data obtaining unit 25, PTS/DTScalculator 26, initialization information obtaining unit 27, decodingcommanding unit 28, decoder 29 and presenting unit 30.

[Operation 1 of Receiving Device]

First, an operation of specifying an MPU head position and an NAL unitposition in receiving device 20 in a case where a medium is a video willbe described. FIG. 26 is a flowchart illustrating such an operation ofreceiving device 20. In addition, an MPU data transmission order type isstored in SI information by transmitting device 15 (multiplexer 17).

First, packet filter 21 packet-filters a received file. Transmissionorder type discriminator 22 analyzes SI information obtained by thepacket filtering, and obtains the MPU data transmission order type (stepS21).

Next, transmission order type discriminator 22 determines(discriminates) whether or not the packet-filtered data includes MPUheader information (at least one of MPU meta data or MF meta data) (stepS22). When the data includes the MPU header information (Yes in stepS22), random access unit 23 specifies an MPU head sample by detecting aswitch of a fragment type of an MMT payload header to media data (stepS23).

Meanwhile, when the data does not include the MPU header information (Noin step S22), random access unit 23 specifies an MPU head sample basedon RAP_flag of the MMT packet header or sample number of an MMT payloadheader (step S24).

Further, transmission order type discriminator 22 determines whether ornot the packet-filtered data includes MF meta data (step S25). When itis determined that the data includes the MF data (Yes in step S25), dataobtaining unit 25 obtains an NAL unit by the reading NAL unit based onan offset of a sample or a subsample and size information included inthe MF meta data (step S26). Meanwhile, when it is determined that thedata does not include the MF meta data (No in step S25), data obtainingunit 25 obtains an NAL unit by reading data of an NAL unit size in orderfrom a head NAL unit of the sample (step S27).

In addition, even when it is determined in step S22 that the dataincludes the MPU header information, receiving device 20 may specify anMPU head sample by using the processing in step S24 instead of step S23.Further, when it is determined that the data includes the MPU headerinformation, the processing in step S23 and the processing in step S24may be used in combination.

Furthermore, even when it is determined in step S25 that the dataincludes the MF meta data, receiving device 20 may obtain an NAL unit byusing the processing in step S27 without using the processing in stepS26. Still further, when it is determined that the data includes the MFmeta data, the processing in step S26 and the processing in step S27 maybe used in combination.

Further, it is assumed that it is determined in step S25 that the dataincludes MF meta data and the MF meta data is transmitted subsequent tothe media data. In this case, receiving device 20 may buffer the mediadata, waits for the MF meta data to be obtained and then perform theprocess in step S26 or receiving device 20 may determine whether or notto perform the process in step S27 without waiting for the MF meta datato be obtained.

For example, receiving device 20 may determine whether or not to waitfor the MF meta data to be obtained based on whether or not receivingdevice 20 includes a buffer of a buffer size which can buffer the mediadata. Further, receiving device 20 may determine whether or not to waitfor the MF meta data to be obtained based on whether or not anEnd-to-End delay becomes little. Furthermore, receiving device 20 mayperform decoding processing by mainly using the processing in step S26,and use the processing in step S27 in a processing mode in a case wherepacket loss occurs.

In addition, in the case of a predetermined transmission order type,step S22 and step S26 may be skipped, and, in this case, receivingdevice 20 may determine a method for specifying an MPU head sample and amethod for specifying an NAL unit by taking into account a buffer sizeor an End-to-End delay.

In addition, when a transmission order type is known in advance,receiving device 20 does not need transmission order type discriminator22.

Further, although not illustrated with reference to FIG. 26, decodingcommanding unit 28 outputs to decoder 29 data obtained by the dataobtaining unit based on a PTS and a DTS calculated by PTS/DTS calculator26 and initialization information obtained by initialization informationobtaining unit 27. Decoder 29 decodes the data, and presenting unit 30presents the decoded data.

[Operation 2 of Receiving Device]

Next, an operation of obtaining initialization information based on atransmission order type, and decoding media data based on initializationinformation in receiving device 20 will be described. FIG. 27 is aflowchart illustrating such an operation.

First, packet filter 21 packet-filters a received file. Transmissionorder type discriminator 22 analyzes SI information obtained by thepacket filtering, and obtains a transmission order type (step S301).

Next, transmission order type discriminator 22 determines whether or notMPU meta data has been transmitted (step S302). When it is determinedthat the MPU meta data has been transmitted (Yes in step S302),transmission order type discriminator 22 determines whether or not theMPU meta data has been transmitted prior to the media data as a resultof analysis in step S301 (step S303). In a case where the MPU meta datahas been transmitted prior to the media data (Yes in step S303),initialization information obtaining unit 27 decodes the media databased on common initialization information included in the MPU meta dataand initialization information of sample data (step S304).

Meanwhile, when it is determined that the MPU meta data has beentransmitted subsequent to the media data (No in step S303), dataobtaining unit 25 buffers the media data until the MPU meta data isobtained (step S305), and performs the processing in step S304 after theMPU meta data is obtained.

Further, when it is determined in step S302 that the MPU meta data hasnot been transmitted (No in step S302), initialization informationobtaining unit 27 decodes the media data based on the initializationinformation of the sample data (step S306).

In addition, when it is guaranteed that the transmission side can decodethe media data only when the decoding is based on the initializationinformation of the sample data, the processing in step S306 is usedwithout performing processing based on the determination in step S302and step S303.

Further, receiving device 20 may determine whether or not to buffer themedia data before step S305. In this case, receiving device 20 moves tothe processing in step S305 when determining to buffer the media data,and moves to the processing in step S306 when determining not to bufferthe media data. Whether or not to buffer the media data may be performedbased on a buffer size and an occupied amount of receiving device 20 ormay be determined by taking into account an End-to-End delay by, forexample, selecting a less End-to-End delay.

[Operation 3 of Receiving Device]

Hereinafter, a transmitting method and a receiving method in a casewhere MF meta data is transmitted subsequent to media data ((c) and (d)in FIG. 21) will be described in detail. Hereinafter, a case of (d) inFIG. 21 will be described as an example. In addition, the method in (d)in FIG. 21 is used for transmission, and a transmission order type isnot signaled.

As described above, when items of data are transmitted in order of MPUmeta data, media data and MF meta data as illustrated in (d) in FIG. 21,

(D-1) Receiving device 20 obtains the MPU meta data, then furtherobtains the MF meta data and subsequently decodes the media data.

(D-2) Receiving device 20 obtains the MPU meta data, and then decodesthe media data without using the MF meta data.

The above two decoding methods are provided.

In this regard, according to D-1, it is necessary to buffer the mediadata to obtain the MF meta data; however, the conventional MP4-compliantreceiving devices can perform decoding by using MPU header information.Further, according to D-2, it is not necessary to buffer the media datato obtain the MF meta data; however, it is difficult to perform decodingby using the MF meta data, and therefore it is necessary to performanother processing for decoding.

Further, according to the method in (d) in FIG. 21, the MF meta data istransmitted subsequent to the media data, and therefore it is possibleto provide an advantage that encapsulation does not cause a delay and itis possible to reduce an End-to-End delay.

Receiving device 20 can select the above two types of decoding methodsaccording to performance of receiving device 20 and service qualityprovided by receiving device 20.

Transmitting device 15 needs to guarantee that it is possible to reduceoccurrence of an overflow or an underflow of a buffer and performdecoding in a decoding operation of receiving device 20. For an elementwhich defines a decoder model for performing decoding by using methodD-1, the following parameter can be used, for instance.

Buffer Size (MPU Buffer) for Reconfiguring MPU

For example, buffer size=maximum rate×maximum MPU time×α holds, and themaximum rate is upper limit rate of profile and level of encodeddata+overhead of MPU header. Further, a maximum MPU time is a maximumtime length of a GOP in the case of 1 MPU=1 GOP (video).

In this regard, the audio may be a GOP unit which is common betweenvideos, or may be another unit. α represents a margin for not causing anoverflow, and may be multiplied on or added to maximum rate×maximum MPUtime. In the case of multiplication, α≥1 holds, and, in the case ofaddition, α≥0 holds.

-   -   An upper limit of a decoding delay time until data is decoded        after the data is input to the MPU buffer (TSTD_delay in STD        (System Target Decoder) of MPEG-TS).

For example, during transmission, a DTS is set such that obtainingcompletion time of MPU data in receiver <=DTS holds, by taking intoaccount a maximum MPU time and an upper limit value of a decoding delaytime.

Further, transmitting device 15 may allocate a DTS and a PTS accordingto a decoder model for performing decoding by using method D-1. Thus,transmitting device 15 may guarantee decoding for the receiving devicewhich performs decoding by using method D-1, and transmit auxiliaryinformation which is necessary to perform decoding by using method D-2.

For example, transmitting device 15 can guarantee an operation of thereceiving device which performs decoding by using method D-2 bysignaling a pre-buffering time in a decoder buffer when performingdecoding by using method D-2.

The pre-buffering time may be included in SI control information such asa message, a table or a descriptor, or may be included in a header of anMMT packet or an MMT payload. Further, SEI in encoded data may beoverwritten. A DTS and a PTS for performing decoding by using method D-1may be stored in an MPU time stamp descriptor and SampleEntry, and a DTSand a PTS for performing decoding by using method D-2 or a pre-bufferingtime may be described in SEI.

Receiving device 20 may select decoding method D-1 when receiving device20 supports an MP4-compliant decoding operation which uses an MPUheader, and may select one of methods D-1 and D-2 when receiving device20 supports both of the methods D-1 and D-2.

Transmitting device 15 may allocate a DTS and a PTS to guarantee onedecoding operation (D-1 in this description), and further transmitauxiliary information for assisting the one decoding operation.

Further, End-to-End delay in method D-2 is likely to be great due to adelay caused by pre-buffering of MF meta data compared to that in methodD-1. Hence, receiving device 20 may select method D-2 and performdecoding to reduce an End-to-End delay. For example, receiving device 20may use method D-2 to reduce an End-to-End delay. Further, receivingdevice 20 may use method D-2 when operating in a low delay presentationmode for presenting live content, channel selection or a zappingoperation with a low delay.

FIG. 28 is a flowchart illustrating such a receiving method.

First, receiving device 20 receives an MMT packet, and obtains MPU data(step S401). Further, receiving device 20 (transmission order typediscriminator 22) determines whether or not to present the program inthe low delay presentation mode (step S402).

When not presenting the program in the low delay presentation mode (Noin step S402), receiving device 20 (random access unit 23 andinitialization information obtaining unit 27) makes a random access unitby using header information and obtains initialization information (stepS405). Further, receiving device 20 (PTS/DTS calculator 26, decodingcommanding unit 28, decoder 29 and presenting unit 30) performs decodingand presentation processing based on a PTS and a DTS allocated by atransmission side (step S406).

Meanwhile, when presenting the program in the low delay presentationmode (Yes in step S402), receiving device 20 (random access unit 23 andinitialization information obtaining unit 27) makes a random access byusing a decoding method which does not use header information, andobtains initialization information (step S403). Further, receivingdevice 20 performs decoding and the presentation processing based onauxiliary information for performing decoding without using a PTS and aDTS allocated by the transmission side and header information (stepS404). In addition, in step S403 and step S404, processing may beperformed by using MPU meta data.

[Transmitting and Receiving Methods Using Auxiliary Data]

The transmitting and receiving operations in a case where MF meta datais transmitted subsequent to media data ((c) and (d) in FIG. 21) will bedescribed above. Next, a method for enabling transmitting device 15 tostart decoding earlier by transmitting auxiliary data including afunction of part of MF meta data and to reduce an End-to-End delay willbe described. Hereinafter, an example where auxiliary data is furthertransmitted based on the transmitting method illustrated in (d) in FIG.21 will be described. However, a method using auxiliary data is appliedto the transmitting methods illustrated in (a) to (c) in FIG. 21.

(a) in FIG. 29 is a view illustrating an MMT packet transmitted by usingthe method illustrated in (d) in FIG. 21. That is, items of data aretransmitted in order of MPU meta data, media data and MF meta data.

In this regard, sample #1, sample #2, sample #3 and sample #4 aresamples included in the media data. In addition, an example where mediadata is stored in sample units in an MMT packet will be described. Themedia data may be stored in units of NAL units in an MMT packet or maybe stored in units obtained by dividing an NAL unit. In addition, aplurality of NAL units is aggregated and is stored in an MMT packet insome cases.

As described above with reference to method D-1, in the case of themethod illustrated in (d) in FIG. 21, i.e., when items of data aretransmitted in order of MPU meta data, media data and MF meta data, theMPU meta data is obtained, then the MF meta data is further obtained andthen the media data is decoded. According to such method D-1, it isnecessary to buffer the media data for obtaining the MF meta data;however, decoding is performed by using MPU header information.Consequently, method D-1 is applicable to conventional MP4-compliantreceiving devices, too. Meanwhile, receiving device 20 needs to wait fordecoding to start until MF meta data is obtained.

By contrast with this, as illustrated in (b) in FIG. 29, according to amethod using auxiliary data, auxiliary data is transmitted prior to MFmeta data.

MF meta data includes DTSs or PTSs of all samples included in a moviefragment, and information indicating an offset and a size. By contrastwith this, auxiliary data includes DTSs or PTSs of part of samples amongsamples included in a movie fragment, and information indicating anoffset and a size.

For example, while MF meta data includes information of all samples(sample #1 to sample #4), auxiliary data includes information of part ofsamples (samples #1 and #2).

In a case illustrated in (b) in FIG. 29, sample #1 and sample #2 can bedecoded by using the auxiliary data, so that an End-to-End delay islittle compared to transmitting method D-1. In addition, information ofsamples may be combined in any way and may be included in the auxiliarydata or the auxiliary data may be repeatedly transmitted.

For example, as illustrated in (c) in FIG. 29, transmitting device 15imparts information of sample #1 to the auxiliary information whentransmitting the auxiliary information at timing A, and imparts piecesof information of sample #1 and sample #2 to the auxiliary informationwhen transmitting the auxiliary information at timing B. Whentransmitting the auxiliary information at timing C, transmitting device15 imparts pieces of information of sample #1, sample #2 and sample #3to the auxiliary information.

In addition, MF meta data includes pieces of information of sample #1,sample #2, sample #3 and sample #4 (information of all samples in amovie fragment).

The auxiliary data does not necessarily need to be immediatelytransmitted after being generated.

In addition, a type indicating that the auxiliary data is stored isspecified in a header of an MMT packet or an MMT payload.

When, for example, auxiliary data is stored in an MMT payload by usingan MPU mode, a data type indicating auxiliary data is specified as afragment_type field value (e.g. FT=3). The auxiliary data may be databased on a configuration of moof, or employ another configuration.

When the auxiliary data is stored as a control signal (a descriptor, atable and a message) in an MMT payload, a descriptor tag, a table ID anda message ID indicating the auxiliary data are specified.

Further, a PTS or a DTS may be stored in a header of an MMT packet or anMMT payload. [Generation Example of Auxiliary Data]

An example where the transmitting device generates auxiliary data basedon a configuration of moof will be described below. FIG. 30 is a viewfor explaining an example where the transmitting device generatesauxiliary data based on a configuration of moof.

According to general MP4, as illustrated in FIG. 20, moof is created foreach movie fragment. moof includes a DTS or a PTS of a sample includedin each movie fragment, and information indicating an offset or a size.

In this regard, transmitting device 15 configures MP4 (MP4 file) byusing part of items of sample data among items of sample dataconfiguring an MPU, and generates auxiliary data.

As illustrated in, for example, (a) in FIG. 30, transmitting device 15generates MP4 by using sample #1 among samples #1 to #4 configuring anMPU, and uses a header of moof+mdat as auxiliary data.

Next, as illustrated in (b) in FIG. 30, transmitting device 15 generatesMP4 by using sample #1 and sample #2 among samples #1 to #4 configuringthe MPU, and a header of moof+mdat as next auxiliary data.

Next, as illustrated in (c) in FIG. 30, transmitting device 15 generatesMP4 by using sample #1, sample #2 and sample #3 among samples #1 to #4configuring the MPU, and a header of moof+mdat as next auxiliary data.

Next, as illustrated in (d) in FIG. 30, transmitting device 15 generatesMP4 by using all samples among samples #1 to #4 configuring an MPU, anduses a header of moof+mdat as movie fragment meta data.

In addition, transmitting device 15 generates auxiliary data per sample,yet may generate auxiliary data per N sample. A value of N is anarbitrary numeral, and, when, for example, one MPU is transmitted andauxiliary data is transmitted M times, N=all samples/M may hold.

In addition, information indicating an offset of a sample in moof maytake an offset value after a sample entry area of a number of subsequentsamples is secured as a NULL area.

In addition, auxiliary data may be generated to fragment MF meta data.

[Example of Receiving Operation Using Auxiliary Data]

Reception of auxiliary data generated as described with reference toFIG. 30 will be described. FIG. 31 is a view for explaining reception ofauxiliary data. In addition, in (a) in FIG. 31, the number of samplesconfiguring an MPU is 30, and auxiliary data is generated per 10 sampleand transmitted.

In (a) in FIG. 30, auxiliary data #1 includes samples #1 to #10,auxiliary data #2 includes samples #1 to #20, and MF meta data includespieces of sample information of samples #1 to #30.

In addition, samples #1 to #10, samples #11 to #20 and samples #21 to#30 are stored in one MMT payload, however, may be stored in sampleunits or NAL units or may be stored in fragmented or aggregated units.

Receiving device 20 receives packets of an MPU meta, a sample, an MFmeta and auxiliary data.

Receiving device 20 couples items of sample data in a reception order(to a tail of each sample), receives the latest auxiliary data and thenupdates the items of auxiliary data so far. Further, receiving device 20can configure a complete MPU by lastly replacing auxiliary data with MFmeta data.

At a point of time at which auxiliary data #1 is received, receivingdevice 20 couples the items of data as in an upper stage in (b) in FIG.31, and configures MP4. Consequently, receiving device 20 can parsesamples #1 to #10 by using MPU meta data and information of auxiliarydata #1, and perform decoding based on information of a PTS, a DTS, anoffset and a size included in the auxiliary data.

Further, at a point of time at which auxiliary data #2 is received,receiving device 20 couples the items of data as in a middle stage in(b) in FIG. 31, and configures MP4. Consequently, receiving device 20can parse samples #1 to #20 by using MPU meta data and information ofauxiliary data #2, and perform decoding based on information of a PTS, aDTS, an offset and a size included in the auxiliary data.

Further, at a point of time at which MF meta data is received, receivingdevice 20 couples the items of data as in a lower stage in (b) in FIG.31, and configures MP4. Consequently, receiving device 20 can parsesamples #1 to #30 by using MPU meta data and MF meta data, and performdecoding based on information of a PTS, a DTS and an offset, a sizeincluded in the MF meta data.

When there is no auxiliary data, receiving device 20 can obtain piecesof information of samples for the first time after reception of MF metadata, and therefore needs to start decoding after receiving the MF metadata. However, transmitting device 15 generates and transmits auxiliarydata, so that receiving device 20 can obtain information of samples byusing the auxiliary data without waiting for reception of MF meta dataand, consequently, can advance a decoding start time. Further,transmitting device 15 generates auxiliary data based on moof describedwith reference to FIG. 30, so that receiving device 20 can performparsing by using a parser of conventional MP4 as is.

Further, auxiliary data and MF meta data to be newly generated includepieces of information of samples which overlap those of auxiliary datatransmitted in the past. Hence, even when past auxiliary data cannot beobtained due to packet loss, it is possible to reconfigure MP4 andobtain sample information (a PTS, a DTS, a size and an offset) by usingauxiliary data and MF meta data to be newly obtained.

In addition, auxiliary data does not necessarily need to include pastsample data. For example, auxiliary data #1 may correspond to items ofsample data #1 to #10, and auxiliary data #2 may correspond to items ofsample data #11 to #20. As illustrated in, for example, (c) in FIG. 31,transmitting device 15 may successively output, as auxiliary data, unitsobtained by fragmenting data units which are complete MF meta data.

Further, for a packet loss countermeasure, transmitting device 15 mayrepeatedly transmit auxiliary data or repeatedly transmit MF meta data.

In addition, an MMT packet and an MMT payload in which auxiliary data isstored includes an MPU sequence number and an asset ID similar to MPUmeta data, MF meta data and sample data.

The above receiving operation using auxiliary data will be describedwith reference to a flowchart in FIG. 32. FIG. 32 is a flowchart of thereceiving operation using auxiliary data.

First, receiving device 20 receives an MMT packet, and analyzes a packetheader and a payload header (step S501). Next, receiving device 20analyzes whether a fragment type is auxiliary data or MF meta data (stepS502), and overwrites and updates past auxiliary data when the fragmenttype is the auxiliary data (step S503). In this case, when there is nopast auxiliary data of the same MPU, receiving device 20 uses receivedauxiliary data as new auxiliary data. Further, receiving device 20obtains a sample based on the MPU meta data, the auxiliary data and thesample data to decode (step S504).

Meanwhile, when the fragment type is the MF meta data, receiving device20 overwrites the MF meta data over the past auxiliary data in step S505(step S505). Further, receiving device 20 obtains a sample in a completeMPU form based on the MPU meta data, the MF meta data and the sampledata, for performing decoding (step S506).

In addition, although not illustrated in FIG. 32, in step S502,receiving device 20 stores data in the buffer when the fragment type isMPU meta data, and stores data coupled to a tail of each sample in thebuffer when the fragment type is sample data.

When auxiliary data cannot be obtained due to packet loss, receivingdevice 20 can overwrite latest auxiliary data over auxiliary data, ordecode a sample by using past auxiliary data.

In addition, a transmission cycle and a number of times of transmissionsof auxiliary data may take predetermined values. Information of thetransmission cycle and the number of times of transmissions (count orcount down) may be transmitted together with data. For example, atransmission cycle, the number of times of transmissions, and a timestamp such as initial_cpb_removal_delay may be stored in a data unitheader.

By transmitting auxiliary data including information of a first sampleof an MPU prior to initial_cpb_removal_delay once or more, it ispossible to conform to a CPB (Coded Picture Buffer) buffer model. Inthis case, in an MPU time stamp descriptor, a value based on picturetiming SEI is stored.

In addition, a transmitting method for such a receiving operation usingsuch auxiliary data is not limited to an MMT method, and is applicableto MPEG-DASH in a case where packets configured by an ISOBMFF (ISO basemedia file format) file format are transmitted by way of streaming.

[Transmitting Method in the Case where One MPU is Configured by aPlurality of Movie Fragments]

A case where one MPU is configured by one movie fragment has beendescribed above with reference to FIG. 19 and subsequent figures.Hereinafter, a case where one MPU is configured by a plurality of moviefragments will be described. FIG. 33 is a view illustrating aconfiguration of an MPU configured by a plurality of movie fragments.

In FIG. 33, samples (#1 to #6) stored in one MPU are sorted and storedin two movie fragments. A first movie fragment is generated based onsamples #1 to #3, and a corresponding moof box is generated. A secondmovie fragment is generated based on samples #4 to #6, and acorresponding moof box is generated.

Headers of the moof box and the mdat box in the first movie fragment arestored as movie fragment meta data #1 in an MMT payload and an MMTpacket. Meanwhile, headers of the moof box and the mdat box in thesecond movie fragment are stored as movie fragment meta data #2 in anMMT payload and an MMT packet. In addition, in FIG. 33, hatching isapplied to MMT payloads in which items of movie fragment meta data arestored.

In addition, the number of samples configuring an MPU and the number ofsamples configuring a movie fragment are arbitrary. For example, thenumber of samples configuring an MPU is defined as the number of samplesin GOP units, and the number of samples which is half the GOP units isdefined as a movie fragment, so that two movie fragments may beconfigured.

In addition, an example where one MPU includes two movie fragments (themoof box and the mdat box) will be described hereinafter. However, anumber of movie fragments included in one MPU may not be two and may bethree or more. Further, the number of samples to be stored in a moviefragment may not be equally divided, and may be divided to an arbitrarynumber of samples.

In addition, in FIG. 33, MPU meta data units and MF meta data units arestored as data units in an MMT payload. However, transmitting device 15may store units such as ftyp, mmpu, moov and moof as data units in anMMT payload in units of data units, or in an MMT payload in unitsobtained by fragmenting the data units. Further, transmitting device 15may store data units in an MMT payload in units obtained by aggregatingthe data units.

Furthermore, in FIG. 33, samples are stored in an MMT payload in sampleunits. However, transmitting device 15 may configure data units in unitsof NAL units or units obtained by aggregating a plurality of NAL unitsinstead of sample units, and store the data units in an MMT payload inthe units of the data units. Further, transmitting device 15 may storedata units in an MMT payload in units obtained by fragmenting the dataunits or may store the data units in an MMT payload in units obtained byaggregating the data units.

In addition, in FIG. 33, an MPU is configured in order of moof #1, mdat#1, moof #2 and mdat #2, and offset is allocated to moof #1 assumingthat corresponding mdat #1 is allocated subsequent to moof #1. However,offset may be allocated assuming that mdat #1 is allocated prior to moof#1. In this regard, in this case, movie fragment meta data cannot begenerated in a form of moof+mdat, and headers of moof and mdat areseparately transmitted.

Next, an MMT packet transmission order in a case where the MPUconfigured described with reference to FIG. 33 is transmitted will bedescribed. FIG. 34 is a view for explaining an MMT packet transmissionorder.

(a) in FIG. 34 illustrates a transmission order in a case where MMTpackets are transmitted in an MPU configuration order illustrated inFIG. 33. (a) in FIG. 34 specifically illustrates an example where an MPUmeta, MF meta #1, media data #1 (samples #1 to #3), MF meta #2 and mediadata #2 (samples #4 to #6) are transmitted in this order.

(b) in FIG. 34 illustrates an example where an MPU meta, media data #1(samples #1 to #3), MF meta #1, media data #2 (samples #4 to #6) and MFmeta #2 are transmitted in this order.

(c) in FIG. 34 illustrates an example where media data #1 (samples #1 to#3), an MPU meta, MF meta #1, media data #2 (samples #4 to #6) and MFmeta #2 are transmitted in this order.

MF meta #1 is generated by using samples #1 to #3, and MF meta #2 isgenerated by using samples #4 to #6. Hence, when the transmitting methodin (a) in FIG. 34 is used, encapsulation causes a delay duringtransmission of sample data.

By contrast with this, when the transmitting methods in (b) and (c) inFIG. 34 are used, it is possible to transmit samples without waiting forgeneration of an MF meta. Consequently, encapsulation does not cause adelay and it is possible to reduce an End-to-End delay.

Further, according to the transmission order in (a) in FIG. 34, one MPUis divided into a plurality of movie fragments and the number of samplesto be stored in an MF meta is small compared to that in FIG. 19.Consequently, it is possible to reduce a delay amount caused byencapsulation compared to that in FIG. 19.

In addition to the methods described herein, transmitting device 15 maycouple MF meta #1 and MF meta #2 to collectively transmit at the last ofan MPU. In this case, MF metas of different movie fragments may beaggregated and stored in one MMT payload. Further, MF metas of differentMPUs may be collectively aggregated and stored in an MMT payload.

[Receiving Method in a Case where One MPU is Configured by a Pluralityof Movie Fragments]

Hereinafter, an operation example of receiving device 20 of receivingand decoding MMT packets transmitted in the transmission order describedwith reference to (b) in FIG. 34 will be described. FIGS. 35 and 36 areviews for explaining a such operation example.

Receiving device 20 receives each MMT packet including an MPU meta,samples and MF metas in a transmission order illustrated in FIG. 35.Sample data is coupled in a reception order.

Receiving device 20 couples items of data as illustrated in (1) in FIG.36 at T1 which is a time at which MF meta #1 is received, and configuresMP4.

Consequently, receiving device 20 can obtain samples #1 to #3 based onMPU meta data and information of MF meta #1, and perform decoding basedon information of a PTS, a DTS, an offset and a size included in the MFmeta.

Further, receiving device 20 couples items of data as illustrated in (2)in FIG. 36 at T2 which is a time at which MF meta #2 is received, andconfigures MP4. Consequently, receiving device 20 can obtain samples #4to #6 based on MPU meta data and information of MF meta #2, and performdecoding based on information of a PTS, a DTS, an offset and a sizeincluded in the MF meta. Further, receiving device 20 may couple itemsof data as illustrated in (3) in FIG. 36 and configure MP4, and therebyobtain samples #1 to #6 based on pieces of information of MF meta #1 andMF meta #2.

By dividing one MPU into a plurality of movie fragments, a time taken toobtain a first MF meta of the MPU is reduced, so that it is possible toadvance a decoding start time. Further, it is possible to reduce abuffer size for accumulating samples which are not yet decoded.

In addition, transmitting device 15 may set movie fragment divisionunits such that a time taken to transmit (or receive) an MF metacorresponding to a movie fragment after a first sample of the moviefragment is transmitted (or received) is shorter thaninitial_cpb_removal_delay specified by an encoder. By making suchsettings, a reception buffer can conform to a CPB buffer and realizedecoding with a low delay. In this case, it is possible to use absolutetimes based on initial_cpb_removal_delay for a PTS and a DTS.

Further, transmitting device 15 may divide a movie fragment at equalintervals or may divide subsequent movie fragments at intervals shorterthan those of previous movie fragments. Consequently, receiving device20 can receive an MF meta including information of samples without failbefore decoding the samples, and perform continuous decoding.

For a method for calculating absolute times of a PTS and a DTS, thefollowing two methods can be used.

(1) The absolute times of the PTS and the DTS are determined based on areception time (T1 or T2) of MF meta #1 or MF meta #2 and relative timesof the PTS and the DTS included in the MF meta.

(2) The absolute times of the PTS and the DTS are determined based on anabsolute time such as an MPU time stamp descriptor signaled from thetransmission side and the relative times of the PTS and the DTS includedin the MF meta.

Further, (2-A) the absolute time signaled from transmitting device 15may be an absolute time calculated based on initial_cpb_removal_delayspecified by the encoder.

Furthermore, (2-B) the absolute time signaled from transmitting device15 may be an absolute time calculated based on a prediction value of areception time of an MF meta.

In addition, MF meta #1 and MF meta #2 may be repeatedly transmitted. MFmeta #1 and MF meta #2 are repeatedly transmitted, so that receivingdevice 20 can obtain the MF meta again even when the MF meta cannot beobtained due to packet loss.

In a payload header of an MFU including a sample configuring a moviefragment, an identifier indicating a movie fragment order can be stored.Meanwhile, an identifier indicating an order of MF metas configuring amovie fragment is not included in an MMT payload. Hence, receivingdevice 20 identifies an order of MF metas according topacket_sequence_number. Alternatively, transmitting device 15 may storean identifier indicating which movie fragment an MF meta belongs to, incontrol information (a message, a table or a descriptor), an MMT header,an MMT payload header or a data unit header to signal.

In addition, transmitting device 15 may transmit an MPU meta, MF metasand samples in a predetermined transmission order determined in advance,and receiving device 20 may perform reception processing based on thepredetermined transmission order determined in advance. Further,transmitting device 15 may signal the transmission order and receivingdevice 20 may select (determine) reception processing based on thesignaling information.

The above receiving method will be described with reference to FIG. 37.FIG. 37 is a flowchart of an operation of the receiving method describedwith reference to FIGS. 35 and 36.

First, receiving device 20 discriminates (identifies) whether dataincluded in a payload is MPU meta data, MF meta data, or sample data(MFU) according to a fragment type included in an MMT payload (stepsS601 and S602). When the data is sample data, receiving device 20buffers the sample, and waits for MF meta data corresponding to thesample to be received and start being decoded (step S603).

Meanwhile, when the data is the MF meta data in step S602, receivingdevice 20 obtains information (a PTS, a DTS, position information and asize) of the sample from the MF meta data, obtains the sample based onthe obtained sample information, and decodes and presents the samplebased on the PTS and the DTS (step S604).

In addition, although not illustrated, when the data is MPU meta data,the MPU meta data includes initialization information which is necessaryfor decoding. Hence, receiving device 20 accumulates this initializationinformation to decode sample data in step S604.

In addition, when accumulating items of received data of the MPU (MPUmeta data, MF meta data and sample data) in an accumulating device,receiving device 20 accumulates the MPU data after rearranging the itemsof data to an MPU configuration described with reference to FIG. 19 or33.

In addition, the transmission side allocates a packet_sequence_number ofa packet having the same packet ID to an MMT packet. In this case,packet sequence numbers may be allocated after MMT packets including MPUmeta data, MF meta data and sample data are rearranged in a transmissionorder, or packet sequence numbers may be allocated in an order before arearrangement.

When the packet sequence numbers are allocated in the order before therearrangement, receiving device 20 can rearrange items of data in an MPUconfiguration order based on the packet sequence numbers, so that theitems of data can be easily accumulated.

[Method for Detecting Head of Access Unit and Head of Slice Segment]

A method for detecting a head of an access unit and a head of a slicesegment based on an MMT packet header and information of an MMT payloadheader will be described.

In this regard, two examples of a case where non-VCL NAL units (anaccess unit delimiter, a VPS, an SPS, a PPS and SEI) are collectivelystored as data units in an MMT payload, and a case where non-VCL NALunits are used data units and the data units are aggregated and storedin one MMT payload will be described.

FIG. 38 is a view illustrating that non-VCL NAL units are individuallydefined as data units and are aggregated.

In the case of FIG. 38, the head of the access unit is an MMT packetwhose fragment_type value is an MFU, and is head data of an MMT payloadincluding a data unit whose aggregation_flag value is 1 and whose offsetvalue is 0. In this case, a Fragmentation indicator value takes 0.

Further, in the case of FIG. 38, the head of the slice segment is an MMTpacket whose fragment_type value is an MFU, and is head data of an MMTpayload whose aggregation_flag value is 0 and whosefragmentation_indicator value is 00 or 01.

FIG. 39 is a view illustrating that non-VCL NAL units are collectivelyused as data units. In addition, a field value of a packet header is asillustrated in FIG. 17 (or FIG. 18).

In the case of FIG. 39, at a head of an access unit, head data of apayload in a packet whose Offset value is 0 is the head of the accessunit.

Further, in the case of FIG. 39, the head of the slice segment takes ishead data of a payload of a packet whose Offset value takes a valuedifferent from 0 and whose Fragmentation indicator value is 00 or 01.

[Reception Processing in the Case where Packet Loss Occurs]

Generally, when MP4 format data is transmitted in environment in whichpacket loss occurs, receiving device 20 recovers packets by way of ALFEC(Application Layer FEC) and packet retransmission control or the like.

However, when packet loss occurs in a case where ALFEC is not used forstreaming such as broadcasting, it is difficult to recover packets.

Receiving device 20 needs to resume decoding a video or an audio afterdata is lost due to packet loss. Hence, receiving device 20 needs todetect a head of an access unit or an NAL unit, and start decoding fromthe head of the access unit or the NAL unit.

However, a start code is not allocated to the head of the MP4 format NALunit, and therefore, receiving device 20 has difficulty in detecting thehead of the access unit or the NAL unit by analyzing a stream.

FIG. 40 is a flowchart of an operation of receiving device 20 whenpacket loss occurs.

Receiving device 20 detects packet loss based on Packetsequence number,packet counter or fragment counter in a header of an MMT packet or anMMT payload (step S701), and determines which packet has been lost basedon a preceding and subsequent relationship (step S702).

When it is determined that packet loss does not occur (No in step S702),receiving device 20 configures an MP4 file, and decodes an access unitor an NAL unit (step S703).

When it is determined that packet loss occurs (Yes in step S702),receiving device 20 generates an NAL unit corresponding to an NAL unitwhose packet has been lost by using dummy data, and configures an MP4file (step S704). When inputting the dummy data in the NAL unit,receiving device 20 indicates the dummy data in an NAL unit type.

Further, receiving device 20 can resume decoding by detecting a head ofa next access unit or NAL unit and inputting head data to a decoderbased on the methods described with reference to FIGS. 17, 18, 38 and 39(step S705).

In addition, when packet loss occurs, receiving device 20 may resumedecoding from the head of the access unit or the NAL unit based oninformation detected based on a packet header, or may resume decodingfrom the head of the access unit or the NAL unit based on headerinformation of a reconfigured MP4 file including the NAL unit of thedummy data.

When accumulating MP4 files (MPU), receiving device 20 may additionallyobtain and accumulate (replace) packet data (NAL units) whose packet hasbeen lost, by way of broadcasting or communication.

In this case, when obtaining a lost packet by way of communication,receiving device 20 notifies the server of information of the lostpacket (a packet ID, an MPU sequence number, a packet sequence number,an IP data flow number and an IP address), and obtains this packet.Receiving device 20 may simultaneously obtain not only lost packets butalso a packet group prior to and subsequent to the lost packets.

[Method for Configuring Movie Fragment]

Hereinafter, a method for configuring a movie fragment will be describedin detail.

As described with reference to FIG. 33, the number of samplesconfiguring a movie fragment and the number of movie fragmentsconfiguring one MPU are arbitrary. For example, the number of samplesconfiguring a movie fragment and the number of movie fragmentsconfiguring one MPU may be fixed predetermined numbers or may bedynamically determined.

In this regard, a movie fragment is configured to satisfy the followingconditions at the transmission side (transmitting device 15), so that itis possible to guarantee low-delay decoding in receiving device 20.

The conditions are as follows.

Transmitting device 15 generates and transmits an MF meta as a moviefragment in units obtained by dividing sample data to enable receivingdevice 20 to receive the MF meta including information of arbitrarysamples without fail before a decoding time (DTS(i)) of the arbitrarysamples (Step Sample(i)).

More specifically, transmitting device 15 configures a movie fragment byusing encoded samples (including an ith sample) before DTS(i).

For a method for dynamically determining the number of samplesconfiguring a movie fragment and the number of movie fragmentsconfiguring one MPU to guarantee low-delay decoding, for example, thefollowing method is used.

(1) At a start of decoding, decoding time DTS(0) of sample Sample(0) ofa GOP head is a time based on initial_cpb_removal_delay. Thetransmitting device configures a first movie fragment by using encodedsamples at a time before DTS(0). Further, transmitting device 15generates MF meta data corresponding to the first movie fragment, andtransmits the MF meta data at a time before DTS(0).

(2) Transmitting device 15 configures a movie fragment to satisfy theabove conditions for subsequent samples.

When, for example, a head sample of a movie fragment is a kth sample, anMF meta of the movie fragment including the kth sample is transmitted bydecoding time DTS(k) of the kth sample. When an encoding completion timeof a lth sample is before DTS(k) and an encoding completion time of a(l+1)th sample is after DTS(k), transmitting device 15 configures amovie fragment by using the kth sample to the lth sample.

In addition, transmitting device 15 may configure a movie fragment byusing samples from the kth sample to a sample before the lth sample.

(3) Transmitting device 15 finishes encoding a last sample of an MPU,configures a movie fragment by using the rest of samples and generates,and transmits MF meta data corresponding to this movie fragment.

In addition, transmitting device 15 may configure a movie fragment byusing part of encoded samples without configuring a movie fragment byusing all encoded samples.

In addition, an example where the number of samples configuring a moviefragment and the number of movie fragments configuring one MPU aredynamically determined based on the above conditions to guaranteelow-delay decoding has been described above. However, the method fordetermining the number of samples and the number of movie fragments isnot limited to this. For example, the number of movie fragmentsconfiguring one MPU may be fixed to a predetermined value, and thenumber of samples may be determined to satisfy the above conditions.Further, the number of movie fragments configuring one MPU and a time atwhich the movie fragments are divided (or an encoding amount of themovie fragments) may be fixed to predetermine values, and the number ofsamples may be determined to satisfy the above conditions.

Furthermore, when an MPU is divided into a plurality of movie fragments,information indicating whether or not the MPU is divided into aplurality of movie fragments, attributes of the divided movie fragmentsor an attribute of an MF meta for the divided movie fragments may betransmitted.

In this regard, each movie fragment attribute is information indicatingwhether the movie fragment is a head movie fragment of an MPU, a lastmovie fragment of the MPU, or the other movie fragment.

Further, each MF meta attribute is information indicating whether eachMF meta indicates an MF meta corresponding to a head movie fragment ofan MPU, an MF meta corresponding to a last movie fragment of the MPU oran MF meta corresponding to the other movie fragment.

In addition, transmitting device 15 may store the number of samplesconfiguring a movie fragment and the number of movie fragmentsconfiguring one MPU as control information, and transmit the controlinformation.

[Operation of Receiving Device]

The operation of receiving device 20 based on movie fragments configuredas described will be described.

Receiving device 20 determines each absolute time of a PTS and a DTSbased on MPU time stamp descriptors such as an absolute time signaledfrom the transmission side and relative times of the PTS and the DTSincluded in an MF meta.

Receiving device 20 performs processing as follows based on attributesof divided movie fragments when an MPU is divided based on informationindicating whether or not the MPU is divided into a plurality of moviefragments.

(1) When a movie fragment is a head movie fragment of the MPU, receivingdevice 20 generates absolute times of a PTS and a DTS by using anabsolute time of the PTS of a head sample included in an MPU time stampdescriptor, and relative times of a PTS and a DTS included in the MFmeta.

(2) When the movie fragment is not a head movie fragment of the MPU,receiving device 20 generates absolute times of the PTS and the DTS byusing relative times of the PTS and the DTS included in an MF metawithout using information of the MPU time stamp descriptor.

(3) When the movie fragment is a last movie fragment of the MPU,receiving device 20 calculates the absolute times of PTSs and DTSs ofall samples and then resets processing of calculating the PTSs and theDTSs (relative time addition process). In addition, the reset processingmay be performed on the head movie fragment of the MPU.

Receiving device 20 may determine whether or not a movie fragment isdivided as described below. Further, receiving device 20 may obtainattribute information of movie fragments as follows.

For example, receiving device 20 may determine whether or not a moviefragment is divided based on an identifiermovie_fragment_sequence_number field value indicating an order of themovie fragment indicated in an MMTP (MMT Protocol) payload header.

More specifically, when the number of movie fragments included in oneMPU is 1, the movie_fragment_sequence_number field value is 1 and thereis the field value whose value is 2 or more, receiving device 20 maydetermine that the MPU is divided into a plurality of movie fragments.

Further, when the number of movie fragments included in one MPU is 1,the movie_fragment_sequence_number field value is 0 and there is thefield value whose value is other than 0, receiving device 20 maydetermine that the MPU is divided into a plurality of movie fragments.

Attribute information of the movie fragment may be also determined basedon movie_fragment_sequence_number likewise.

In addition, whether or not a movie fragment is divided and attributeinformation of the movie fragment may be determined by counting thenumber of times of transmissions of movie fragments or MF metas includedin one MPU without using movie_fragment_sequence_number.

According to the configurations of transmitting device 15 and receivingdevice 20 described above, receiving device 20 can receive moviefragment meta data at shorter intervals than that of an MPU and startlow-delay decoding. Further, it is possible to perform low-delaydecoding by using decoding processing based on an MP4 parsing method.

A receiving operation in a case where an MPU is divided into a pluralityof movie fragments as described above will be described with referenceto a flowchart. FIG. 41 is a flowchart of the receiving operation in acase where an MPU is divided into a plurality of movie fragments. Inaddition, this flowchart illustrates the operation in step S604 in FIG.37 in more detail.

First, receiving device 20 obtains MF meta data based on a data typeindicated in an MMTP payload header when the data type is an MF meta(step S801).

Next, receiving device 20 determines whether or not an MPU is dividedinto a plurality of movie fragments (step S802), and determines whetheror not the received MF meta data is head meta data of the MPU (stepS803) when the MPU is divided into a plurality of movie fragments (Yesin step S802). Receiving device 20 calculates absolute times of a PTSand a DTS based on an absolute time of the PTS indicated in an MPU timestamp descriptor and relative times of the PTS and the DTS indicated inthe MF meta data (step S804) when the received MF meta data is the headMF meta data of the MPU (Yes in step S803), and determines whether ornot the meta data is last meta data of the MPU (step S805).

Meanwhile, receiving device 20 calculates the absolute times of the PTSand the DTS by using the relative times of the PTS and the DTS indicatedin the MF meta data without using the information of the MPU time stampdescriptor (step S808) when the received MF meta data is not the head MFmeta data of the MPU (No in step S803), and moves to processing in stepS805.

When it is determined in step S805 that the MF meta data is the last MFmeta data of the MPU (Yes in step S805), receiving device 20 calculatesabsolute times of PTSs and DTSs of all samples, and then resetsprocessing of calculating the PTS and the DTS. When it is determined instep S805 that the MF meta data is not the last MF meta data of the MPU(No in step S805), receiving device 20 finishes the process.

Further, when it is determined in step S802 that the MPU is not dividedinto a plurality of movie fragments (No in step S802), receiving device20 obtains sample data based on MF meta data transmitted subsequent tothe MPU, and determines the PTS and the DTS (S807).

Furthermore, although not illustrated, receiving device 20 finallyperforms decoding processing and presentation processing based on thedetermined PTS and DTS.

[Matter to be Considered when Movie Fragment is Divided, and Solution]

A method for reducing an End-to-End delay by dividing a movie fragmenthas been described so far. Hereinafter, a new matter to be consideredwhen a movie fragment is divided, and a solution will be described.

First, a picture structure of encoded data will be described as abackground. FIG. 42 is a view illustrating an example of a picturepredicted structure for each TemporalId when temporal scalability isrealized.

According to encoding methods such as MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC (HighEfficiency Video Coding), it is possible to realize scalability(temporal scalability) in a time domain by using picture B(bidirectional reference predicted picture) which can be referred fromanother picture.

TemporalId illustrated in FIG. 42 is an identifier of a layer of anencoding structure, and TemporalId having a higher value indicates adeeper layer. Each square block indicates a picture, Ix in a blockrepresents picture I (intra-plane predicted picture), Px representspicture P (forward reference predicted picture), and Bx and bx representpictures B (bidirectional reference predicted picture). x of Ix/Px/Bxindicates a display order, and represents an order to display pictures.Each arrow between pictures indicates a reference relationship and, forexample, picture B4 indicates that a predicted image is generated byusing I0 and B8 as reference images. In this regard, using anotherpicture having a higher TemporalId than TemporalId of one picture as areference image is forbidden. Layers are defined to secure temporalscalability, and, by, for example, decoding all pictures in FIG. 42, avideo of 120 fps (frame per second) is obtained and, by decoding layerswhose TemporalIds are 0 to 3, a video of 60 fps is obtained.

FIG. 43 is a view illustrating a relationship between a decoding time(DTS) and a presentation time (PTS) of each picture in FIG. 42. Forexample, picture I0 illustrated in FIG. 43 is displayed after decodingB4 is finished so as not to produce a gap between decoding and display.

As illustrated in FIG. 43, when picture B is included in a predictedstructure, a decoding order and a display order are different.Therefore, receiving device 20 needs to perform picture delay processingand picture rearrangement (reorder) processing after decoding a picture.

An example of a picture predicted structure for securing scalability inthe time domain has been described. Even when scalability in the timedomain is not used, it is necessary to perform the picture delayprocessing and the reorder processing depending on predicted structures.FIG. 44 is a view illustrating a picture predicted structure example forwhich a picture delay process and a reorder process need to beperformed. In addition, numbers in FIG. 44 indicate a decoding order.

As illustrated in FIG. 44, depending on predicted structures, a headsample in a decoding order and a head sample in a presentation order aredifferent in some cases. In FIG. 44, the head sample in the presentationorder is a fourth sample in the decoding order. In addition, FIG. 44illustrates an example of a predicted structure, and the predictedstructure is not limited to such a structure. According to anotherpredicted structure, too, a head sample in a decoding order and a headsample in a presentation order are different in some cases.

Similar to FIG. 33, FIG. 45 is a view illustrating an example where anMPU configured by an MP4 format is divided into a plurality of moviefragments, and is stored in an MMTP payload and an MMTP packet. Inaddition, the number of samples configuring an MPU and the number ofsamples configuring a movie fragment are arbitrary. For example, thenumber of samples configuring an MPU is defined as the number of samplesin GOP units, and the number of samples which is half the GOP units isdefined as a movie fragment, so that two movie fragments may beconfigured. One sample may be one movie fragment or samples configuringan MPU may not be divided.

FIG. 45 illustrates an example where one MPU includes two moviefragments (a moof box and a mdat box). The number of movie fragmentsincluded in one MPU may not be two. The number of movie fragmentsincluded in one MPU may be three or more or may be the number of samplesincluded in the MPU. Further, the number of samples to be stored in amovie fragment may not be an equally divided number of samples, and maybe divided to an arbitrary number of samples.

Movie fragment meta data (MF meta data) includes information of a PTS, aDTS, an offset and a size of a sample included in a movie fragment, andreceiving device 20 extracts the PTS and the DTS from the MF metaincluding the information of the sample and determines a decoding timingand a presentation timing when decoding the sample.

Hereinafter, for more detailed description, an absolute value of adecoding time of sample i is described as DTS(i), and an absolute timeof a presentation time is described as PTS(i).

Information of the ith sample of time stamp information stored in moofof an MF meta is more specifically relative values of decoding times ofthe ith sample and (i+1)th sample and relative values of the decodingtime and a presentation time of the ith sample which will be referred toas DT(i) and CT(i) below.

Movie fragment meta data #1 includes DT(i) and CT(i) of samples #1 to#3, and movie fragment meta data #2 includes DT(i) and CT(i) of samples#4 to #6.

Further, an absolute value of a PTS of a head access unit of an MPU isstored in an MPU time stamp descriptor, and receiving device 20calculates a PTS and a DTS based on PTS_MPU of the head access unit ofthe MPU, a CT and a DT.

FIG. 46 is a view for explaining a method for calculating a PTS and aDTS in a case where samples #1 to #10 configure an MPU, and a matter tobe considered.

(a) in FIG. 46 illustrates an example where an MPU is not divided intomovie fragments. (b) in FIG. 46 illustrates an example where an MPU isdivided into two movie fragments in five sample units. (c) in FIG. 46illustrates an example where an MPU is divided into ten movie fragmentsin sample units.

As described with reference to FIG. 45, when a PTS and a DTS arecalculated by using an MPU time stamp descriptor and time stampinformation in MP4 (a CT and a DT), the head sample in the presentationorder in FIG. 44 is the fourth sample in the decoding order. Hence, thePTS stored in the MPU time stamp descriptor is a PTS (absolute value) ofthe fourth sample in the decoding order. In addition, hereinafter, thissample is referred to as sample A. Further, a head sample in a decodingorder is referred to as sample B.

Absolute time information related to a time stamp is information of anMPU time stamp descriptor. Therefore, receiving device 20 has difficultyin calculating PTSs (absolute times) and DTSs (absolute times) of othersamples until sample A arrives. Receiving device 20 has difficulty incalculating either a PTS or a DTS of sample B.

In an example in (a) in FIG. 46, sample A is included in the same moviefragment as that of sample B, and is stored in one MF meta.Consequently, receiving device 20 can immediately determine a DTS ofsample B after receiving the MF meta.

In an example in (b) in FIG. 46, sample A is included in the same moviefragment as that of sample B, and is stored in one MF meta.Consequently, receiving device 20 can immediately determine a DTS ofsample B after receiving the MF meta.

In an example in (c) in FIG. 46, sample A and sample B are included indifferent movie fragments. Hence, receiving device 20 has difficulty indetermining a DTS of sample B only if an MF meta including a CT and a DTof a movie fragment including sample A has been received.

Hence, in the case of the example in (c) in FIG. 46, receiving device 20has difficulty in immediately starting decoding after sample B arrives.

Thus, when a movie fragment including sample B does not include sampleA, if receiving device 20 has not received an MF meta related to a moviefragment including sample A, receiving device 20 has difficulty instarting decoding sample B.

When a head sample in the presentation order and a head sample in thedecoding order do not match, a movie fragment is divided until sample Aand sample B stop being stored in the same movie fragment, which is amatter to be considered. Further, this occurs irrespectively of whetheran MF meta is transmitted earlier or later.

Thus, when the head sample in the presentation order and the head samplein the decoding order do not match, and when sample A and sample B arenot stored in the same movie fragment, it is difficult to immediatelydetermine a DTS after reception of sample B. Hence, transmitting device15 transmits additionally a DTS (absolute value) of sample B orinformation for enabling the reception side to calculate a DTS (absolutevalue) of sample B. Such information may be transmitted by using controlinformation, a packet header or the like.

Receiving device 20 calculates a DTS (absolute value) of sample B byusing such information. FIG. 47 is a flowchart of a receiving operationwhen a DTS is calculated by using such information.

Receiving device 20 receives a head movie fragment of an MPU (stepS901), and determines whether or not sample A and sample B are stored inthe same movie fragment (step S902). When sample A and sample B arestored in the same movie fragment (Yes in step S902), receiving device20 calculates a DTS by using information of an MF meta without using theDTS (absolute time) of sample B, and starts decoding (step S904). Inaddition, in step S904, receiving device 20 may determine a DTS by usingthe DTS of sample B.

Meanwhile, when sample A and sample B are not stored in the same moviefragment in step S902 (No in step S902), receiving device 20 obtains theDTS (absolute time) of sample B, determines the DTS and starts decoding(step S903).

In addition, an example where an absolute value of a decoding time ofeach sample and an absolute time of a presentation time are calculatedby using an MF meta (time stamp information stored in moof of an MP4format) according to MMT standards is described above. However, an MFmeta may be replaced with arbitrary control information which can beused to calculate an absolute value of a decoding time of each sampleand an absolute value of a presentation time to carry out thecalculation. Such control information includes, for example, controlinformation in which relative values CT(i) of decoding times of the ithsample and the (i+1)th sample are replaced with relative values ofpresentation times of the ith sample and the (i+1)th sample, and controlinformation including both of relative values CT(i) of decoding times ofthe ith sample and (i+1)th sample, and relative values of presentationtimes of the ith sample and the (i+1)th sample.

Third Exemplary Embodiment

[Outline]

A content transmitting method and a content data structure in the casewhere content such as a video, an audio, a caption and data broadcast istransmitted by way of broadcasting will be described in the thirdexemplary embodiment. That is, the content transmitting methodspecialized in broadcast stream playback, and the content data structurewill be described.

In addition, an example where an MMT method (referred to simply as MMTbelow) is used as a multiplexing method will be described in the thirdexemplary embodiment. However, other multiplexing methods such as DASHand RTP may be used.

First, a method for storing a data unit (DU) in a payload according toMMT will be described in detail. FIG. 48 is a view for explaining amethod for storing a data unit in a payload according to MMT.

According to MMT, a transmitting device stores part of data configuringan MPU as a data unit in an MMTP payload, adds a header to the data andtransmits the data. The header includes the MMTP payload header and anMMTP packet header. In addition, units of the data unit may be units ofNAL units or units of samples.

(a) in FIG. 48 illustrates an example where the transmitting deviceaggregates a plurality of data units to store in one payload. In theexample in (a) in FIG. 48, a data unit header (DUH) and a data unitlength (DUO are allocated to a head of each of a plurality of dataunits, and a plurality of data units to which data unit headers and dataunit lengths are allocated is collectively stored in the payload.

(b) in FIG. 48 illustrates an example where one data unit is stored inone payload. In the example in (b) in FIG. 48, a data unit header isallocated to a head of the data unit, and the data unit is stored in thepayload. (c) in FIG. 48 illustrates an example where one data unit isdivided, data unit headers are allocated to the divided data units, andthe data units are stored in a payload.

The data unit includes types of a timed-MPU which is media such as avideo, an audio and a caption including information related tosynchronization, a non-timed-MFU which is media such as a file notincluding information related to synchronization, MPU meta data, and MFmeta data, and a data unit header is determined according to a data unittype. In addition, MPU meta data and MF meta data do not include a dataunit header.

Further, the transmitting device fundamentally has difficulty inaggregating data units of different types, yet it may be defined thatthe transmitting device can aggregate data units of different types.When, for example, an MF meta data size in the case where data isdivided into movie fragments per sample is small, it is possible toreduce a number of packets and reduce a transmission quantity byaggregating the MF meta data and media data.

When a data unit is an MFU, part of information of the MPU such asinformation for configuring the MPU (MP4) is stored as a header.

For example, a header of a timed-MFU includesmovie_fragment_sequence_number, sample_number, offset, priority anddependency_counter, and a header of a non-timed-MFU includes item_iD. Ameaning of each field is indicated by standards such as ISO/IEC23008-1or ARIB STD-B60. The meaning of each field defined in these standardswill be described below.

movie_fragment_sequence_number indicates a sequence number of a moviefragment to which the MFU belongs, and is indicated in ISO/IEC14496-12,too.

sample_number indicates a sample number to which the MFU belongs, and isindicated in ISO/IEC14496-12, too.

offset indicates byte units of an offset amount of the MFU in the sampleto which the MFU belongs.

priority indicates a relative importance of the MFU in an MPU to whichthe MFU belongs, and an MFU of a higher number of priority indicates amore important MFU than MFUs of smaller numbers of priority.

dependency_counter indicates a number of MFUs for which whether or notto perform decoding processing depends on the MFU, i.e., the number ofMFUs for which it is difficult to perform decoding processing unlessthis MFU is decoded. When, for example, the MFU is HEVC and a B pictureor a P picture refers to an I picture, it is difficult to decode the Bpicture or the P picture unless the I picture is decoded.

Hence, when the MFU is in units of samples, dependency_counter of theMFU of the I picture indicates a number of pictures which refer to the Ipicture. When the MFU is in units of NAL units, dependency_counter inthe MFU belonging to the I picture indicates a number of NAL unitsbelonging to pictures which refer to the I picture. Further, in the caseof a video signal hierarchically encoded in a time domain, MFUs in anextended layer depend on an MFU of a base layer. Therefore,dependency_counter of the MFU of the base layer indicates a number ofMFUs of the extended layer. It is difficult to generate this field ifthe number of depending MFUs has not been determined.

item_iD indicates an identifier for uniquely specifying an item.

[Non-MP4 Support Mode]

As described with reference to FIGS. 19 and 21, a method of thetransmitting device for transmitting an MPU according to MMT includes amethod for transmitting MPU meta data or MF meta data before or aftermedia data or a method for transmitting only media data. Further, areceiving device adopts a method for performing decoding by using anMP4-compliant receiving device or receiving method or a method forperforming decoding without using a header.

The data transmitting method specialized in broadcast stream playbackis, for example, a transmitting method which does not support MP4reconfiguration in the receiving device.

The transmitting method which does not support MP4 reconfiguration inthe receiving device is, for example, a method for not transmitting metadata (MPU meta data and MF meta data) as illustrated in (b) in FIG. 21.In this case, a field value of a fragment type (information indicating adata unit type) included in an MMTP packet is fixed to 2 (=MFU).

In the case where meta data is not transmitted, as described above, theMP4-compliant receiving device has difficulty in decoding received dataas MP4 yet can decode the received data without using meta data(header).

Hence, the meta data is not necessarily indispensable information todecode and play back broadcast streams. Similarly, the information ofthe data unit header of the timed-MFU described with reference to FIG.48 is information for reconfiguring MP4 in the receiving device. MP4does not need to be reconfigured during broadcast stream playback.Therefore, information of the data unit header of the timed-MFU (alsodescribed as a timed-MFU header below) is not necessarily necessaryinformation for broadcast stream playback.

The receiving device can easily reconfigure MP4 by using meta data andinformation for reconfiguring MP4 in a data unit header (suchinformation will be also described as MP4 configuration information).However, the receiving device has difficulty in reconfiguring MP4 evenif only one of meta data and MP4 configuration information in the dataunit header has been transmitted. An advantage provided by transmittingonly one of the meta data and the information for reconfiguring MP4 islittle. Generating and transmitting unnecessary information increaseprocessing and lower transmission efficiency.

Hence, the transmitting device controls transmission of a data structureof MP4 configuration information by using a following method. Thetransmitting device determines whether or not a data unit headerindicates the MP4 configuration information, based on whether or notmeta data is transmitted. More specifically, when the transmittingdevice transmits meta data, the data unit header indicates MP4configuration information, and, when the transmitting device does nottransmit meta data, the data unit header does not indicate the MP4configuration information.

For a method for not indicating the MP4 configuration information in thedata unit header, for example, a following method can be used.

1. The transmitting device sets the MP4 configuration information toreserved and is not operated. Consequently, it is possible to reduce aprocessing amount of a transmission side (the processing amount of thetransmitting device) which generates the MP4 configuration information.

2. The transmitting device deletes the MP4 configuration information,and compresses a header. Consequently, it is possible to reduce theprocessing amount of the transmission side which generates the MP4configuration information, and reduce a transmission quantity.

In addition, when deleting the MP4 configuration information andcompressing the header, the transmitting device may set a flagindicating that the MP4 configuration information has been deleted(compressed). The flag is indicated in the header (an MMTP packetheader, an MMTP payload header or a data unit header) or controlinformation.

Further, information indicating whether or not meta data is transmittedmay be determined in advance or may be additionally signaled in theheader or the control information and transmitted to the receivingdevice.

For example, information indicating whether or not the meta datacorresponding to an MFU is transmitted may be stored in an MFU header.

Meanwhile, the receiving device can determine whether or not the MP4configuration information is indicated, based on whether or not the metadata is transmitted.

In this regard, when a data transmission order (e.g. an order of MPUmeta data, MF meta data, and media data) is determined, the receivingdevice may determine whether or not the MP4 configuration information isindicated, based on whether or not the meta data has been received priorto media data.

When the MP4 configuration information is indicated, the receivingdevice can use the MP4 configuration information to reconfigure MP4.Alternatively, the receiving device can use the MP4 configurationinformation to detect heads of other access units or NAL units.

In addition, the MP4 configuration information may be all or part of atimed-MFU header.

Further, for a non-timed-MFU header, too, the transmitting device maydetermine likewise whether or not the non-timed-MFU header indicatesitemid, based on whether or not the meta data is transmitted.

The transmitting device may determine that only one of the timed-MFU andthe non-timed-MFU indicates the MP4 configuration information. When onlyone of the timed-MFU and the non-timed-MFU indicates the MP4configuration information, the transmitting device determines whether ornot the MP4 configuration information is indicated, based on whether ornot the meta data is transmitted and, in addition, in which one of thetimed-MFU or the non-timed-MFU the MP4 configuration information isindicated. The receiving device can determine whether or not the MP4configuration information is indicated, based on whether or not the metadata is transmitted and a timed/non-timed flag.

In addition, in the above description, the transmitting devicedetermines whether or not MP4 configuration information is indicated,based on whether or not meta data (both of MPU meta data and MF metadata) is transmitted. However, the transmitting device may determine notto indicate the MP4 configuration information when not transmitting partof the meta data (one of the MPU meta data and the MF meta data).

Further, the transmitting device may determine whether or not toindicate the MP4 configuration information based on information otherthan the meta data.

When, for example, a mode such as an MP4 support mode/non-MP4 supportmode is defined, the transmitting device may determine that a data unitheader indicates MP4 configuration information in the case of the MP4support mode, and that the data unit header does not indicate the MP4configuration information in the case of the non-MP4 support mode.Further, the transmitting device may transmit meta data and maydetermine that the data unit header indicates MP4 configurationinformation in the case of the MP4 support mode, and may not transmitmeta data and may determine that the data unit header does not indicatethe MP4 configuration information in the case of the non-MP4 supportmode.

[Flowchart of Operation of Transmitting Device]

Next, a flowchart of an operation of the transmitting device will bedescribed. FIG. 49 illustrates a flowchart of an operation of thetransmitting device.

The transmitting device first determines whether or not to transmit metadata (step S1001). When determining to transmit the meta data (Yes instep S1002), the transmitting device moves to step S1003 to generate MP4configuration information, store the MP4 configuration information in aheader and transmit the MP4 configuration information (step S1003). Inthis case, the transmitting device generates and transmits meta data,too.

Meanwhile, when determining not to transmit the meta data (No in stepS1002), the transmitting device transmits the MP4 configurationinformation without generating the MP4 configuration information andstoring the MP4 configuration information in the header, either (stepS1004). In this case, the transmitting device does not generate andtransmit meta data.

In addition, whether or not to transmit the meta data in step S1001 maybe determined in advance, or may be determined based on whether or notthe meta data has been generated inside the transmitting device or themeta data has been transmitted inside the transmitting device.

[Flowchart of Operation of Receiving Device]

Next, a flowchart of an operation of the receiving device will bedescribed. FIG. 50 illustrates a flowchart of an operation of thereceiving device.

The receiving device first determines whether or not meta data has beentransmitted (step S1101). It is possible to determine whether or not themeta data is transmitted, by monitoring a fragment type in an MMTPpacket payload. Further, whether or not the meta data is transmitted maybe determined in advance.

When determining that the meta data has been transmitted (Yes in stepS1102), the receiving device reconfigures MP4, and executes decodingprocessing using MP4 configuration information (step S1103). Meanwhile,when determining that the meta data is not transmitted (No in stepS1102), the receiving device executes the decoding processing withoutperforming MP4 reconfiguration processing, and using the MP4configuration information (step S1104).

In addition, the receiving device can detect a random access point,detect an access unit head and detect an NAL unit head by using theabove-described method without using the MP4 configuration information,and can perform decoding processing, packet loss detection and packetloss recovery processing.

For example, an access unit head is head data of an MMT payload whoseaggregation_flag value takes 1. In this case, a Fragmentation_indicatorvalue takes 0.

Further, the head of the slice segment is head data of an MMT payloadwhose aggregation_flag value is 0 and whose fragmentation_indicatorvalue is 00 or 01.

The receiving device can detect the access unit head and detect slicesegments based on the above information.

In addition, the receiving device may analyze an NAL unit header in apacket including the data unit head whose fragmentation_indicator valueis 00 or 01, and detect that an NAL unit type is an AU (access unit)delimiter and the NAL unit type is a slice segment.

[Broadcast Simple Mode]

The method of the receiving device which does not support MP4configuration information has been described as the data transmittingmethod specialized in broadcast stream playback. However, the datatransmitting method specialized in broadcast stream playback is notlimited to this.

As the data transmitting method specialized in broadcast streamplayback, a following method may be used, for example.

-   -   The transmitting device may not use AL-FEC in broadcast fixed        reception environment. When AL-FEC is not used, FEC_type is        fixed to 0 in an MMTP packet header.    -   The transmitting device may use AL-FEC in broadcast mobile        reception environment and a communication UDP (User Datagram        Protocol) transmission mode. When AL-FEC is used, FEC_type in        the MMTP packet header is 0 or 1.    -   The transmitting device may not perform bulk transmission of an        asset. When the bulk transmission of the asset is not performed,        location_infolocation indicating a number of transmission        locations of the asset inside MPT may be fixed to 1.    -   The transmitting device may not perform hybrid transmission of        an assent, a program and a message.

Further, when, for example, the broadcast simple mode is defined, thetransmitting device may use the non-MP4 support mode or use the abovedata transmitting method specialized in broadcast stream playback in thecase of the broadcast simple mode. Whether or not the broadcast simplemode is used may be determined in advance, or the transmitting devicemay store a flag indicating the broadcast simple mode as controlinformation and transmit the control information to the receivingdevice.

Further, based on whether or not the non-MP4 support mode is used, i.e.,whether or not meta data has been transmitted described with referenceto FIG. 49, the transmitting device may use the above data transmittingmethod specialized in broadcast stream playback for the broadcast simplemode in the case of the non-MP4 support mode.

In the case of the broadcast simple mode, the receiving device candetermine that the non-MP4 support mode is used and perform decodingprocessing without reconfiguring MP4.

Further, in the case of the broadcast simple mode, the receiving devicecan determine that a function specialized in broadcast is used, andperform reception processing specialized in broadcast.

Consequently, in the case of the broadcast simple mode, it is possibleto not only reduce processing unnecessary for the transmitting deviceand the receiving device by using the function specialized in broadcastbut also reduce a transmission overhead since unnecessary information isnot compressed and transmitted.

In addition, when the non-MP4 support mode is used, hint informationsupporting an accumulating method other than MP4 configuration may beindicated.

The accumulating method other than the MP4 configuration may include,for example, a method for directly accumulating MMT packets or IPpackets and a method for converting MMT packets into MPEG-2 TS packets.

In addition, in the case of the non-MP4 support mode, a format which isnot compliant with the MP4 configuration may be used.

For example, in the case of the non-MP4 support mode, data may be storedin an MFU in a format with a byte start code not in a format of an MP4format with an NAL unit size added to a head of the NAL unit.

According to MMT, an asset type indicating a type of an asset isdescribed as 4CC registered in MP4REG (http://www.mp4ra.org), and, whenHEVC is used for a video signal, ‘HEV1’ or ‘HVC1’ is used. ‘HEV1’ is aformat which may include a parameter set in a sample, and ‘HVC1’ is aformat which does not include the parameter set in the sample andincludes the parameter set in a sample entry in MPU meta data.

In the case of the broadcast simple mode or the non-MP4 support mode, itmay be defined that, when MPU meta data and MF meta data are nottransmitted, the parameter set is included in the sample. Further, itmay be defined that, even when the asset type indicates any one of‘HEV1’ and ‘HVC1’, the format of ‘HVC1’ is selected at all times.

[Supplementary Note 1: Transmitting Device]

As described above, when meta data is not transmitted, the transmittingdevice which sets MP4 configuration information to reserved and is notoperated can be configured as illustrated in FIG. 51, too. FIG. 51 is aview illustrating a specific configuration example of the transmittingdevice.

Transmitting device 300 includes encoder 301, allocator 302 andtransmitter 303. Each of encoder 301, allocator 302 and transmitter 303is realized by, for example, a microcomputer, a processor or a dedicatedcircuit.

Encoder 301 encodes a video signal or an audio signal and generatessample data. The sample data is more specifically a data unit.

Allocator 302 allocates header information including MP4 configurationinformation, to the sample data which is data obtained by encoding thevideo signal or the audio signal. The MP4 configuration information isinformation which is used by a reception side to reconfigure the sampledata as a file of an MP4 format and which has contents differingaccording to whether or not a presentation time of the sample data isdetermined.

As described above, allocator 302 includes the MP4 configurationinformation such as movie_fragment_sequence_number, sample_number,offset, priority and dependency_counter in a header (header information)of a timed-MFU which is an example of the sample data (the sample dataincluding information related to synchronization) whose presentationtime is determined.

Meanwhile, allocator 302 includes the MP4 configuration information suchas item_id in the header (header information) of the non-timed-MFU whichis an example of the sample data (the sample data which does not includethe information related to synchronization) whose presentation time isnot determined.

Further, when transmitter 303 does not transmit meta data correspondingto the sample data (in the case of (b) in FIG. 21, for example),allocator 302 allocates header information which does not include theMP4 configuration information, to the sample data according to whetheror not the presentation time of the sample data is determined.

More specifically, allocator 302 allocates the header information whichdoes not include first MP4 configuration, to the sample data when thepresentation time of the sample data is determined, and allocates theheader information including second MP4 configuration information, tothe sample data when the presentation time of the sample data is notdetermined.

For example, as indicated by step S1004 in FIG. 49, when transmitter 303does not transmit the meta data corresponding to the sample data,allocator 302 sets the MP4 configuration information to reserved (fixedvalue) so as not to substantially generate the MP4 configurationinformation and store the MP4 configuration information in a header(header information). In addition, the meta data includes MPU meta dataand movie fragment meta data.

Transmitter 303 transmits the sample data to which the headerinformation is allocated. More specifically, transmitter 303 packetizesthe sample data to which the header information is allocated, accordingto an MMT method, and transmits the sample data.

As described above, according to the transmitting method and thereceiving method specialized in broadcast stream playback, the receivingdevice does not need to reconfigure a data unit to MP4. When thereceiving device does not need to reconfigure the data unit to MP4,unnecessary information such as the MP4 configuration information is notgenerated, so that processing of the transmitting device is reduced.

Meanwhile, the transmitting device needs to transmit necessaryinformation yet needs to secure compliance with the standards such thatextra additional information does not need to be additionallytransmitted.

According to the configuration of transmitting device 300, an area inwhich the MP4 configuration information is stored is fixed to a fixedvalue, so that it is possible to provide an effect that necessaryinformation is transmitted based on the standards without transmittingthe MP4 configuration information, and extra additional information doesnot need to be transmitted. That is, it is possible to reduce theconfiguration of the transmitting device and the processing amount ofthe transmitting device. Further, unnecessary data is not transmitted,so that it is possible to improve transmission efficiency.

[Supplementary Note 2: Receiving Device]

Further, the receiving device which supports transmitting device 300 maybe configured as illustrated in, for example, FIG. 52. FIG. 52 is a viewillustrating another example of a configuration of the receiving device.

Receiving device 400 includes receiver 401 and decoder 402. Receiver 401and decoder 402 are realized by, for example, microcomputers, processorsor dedicated circuits.

Receiver 401 receives sample data which is data obtained by encoding avideo signal or an audio signal, and to which header informationincluding MP4 configuration information for reconfiguring the sampledata as a file of an MP4 format is allocated.

Decoder 402 decodes the sample data without using the MP4 configurationinformation when the receiver does not receive meta data correspondingto the sample data, and when the presentation time of the sample data isdetermined.

For example, as indicated by step S1104 in FIG. 50, decoder 402 executesdecoding processing without using the MP4 configuration information whenreceiver 401 does not receive the meta data corresponding to the sampledata.

Consequently, it is possible to reduce the configuration of receivingdevice 400 and a processing amount of receiving device 400.

Fourth Exemplary Embodiment

[Outline]

In the fourth exemplary embodiment, a method for storing in an MPU anon-timed medium such as a file which does not include informationrelated to synchronization, and a method for transmitting an MMTP packetwill be described. In addition, in the fourth exemplary embodiment, anexample of an MPU according to MMT will be described. However, DASHwhich is based on the same MP4 is also applicable.

First, the method for storing a non-timed medium (also referred to as a“non-timed media data” below) in an MPU will be described in detail withreference to FIG. 53. FIG. 53 is a view illustrating the method forstoring a non-timed medium in an MPU, and a method for transmitting MMTPpackets.

An MPU in which a non-timed medium is stored is configured by ftyp,mmpu, moov and meta boxes, and, in this MPU, information related to afile stored in the MPU is stored. A plurality of idat boxes can bestored in the meta box, and one file can be stored as an item in theidat box.

Part of the ftyp, mmpu, moov and meta boxes configure one data unit asMPU meta data, and the item or the idat box configures a data unit as anMFU.

A data unit is aggregated or fragmented, then is allocated a data unitheader, an MMTP payload header and an MMTP packet header, and istransmitted as an MMTP packet.

In addition, FIG. 53 illustrates an example where File#1 and File#2 arestored in one MPU. MPU meta data is not divided or an MFU is divided andstored in an MMTP packet. However, the MPU and the MFU are not limitedto these, and may be aggregated or fragmented according to a data unitsize. Further, MPU meta data may not be transmitted and, when the MPUmeta data is not transmitted, an MFU is transmitted.

Header information such as a data unit header includes itemID (anidentifier which uniquely specifies an item). An MMTP payload header andan MMTP packet header include a packet sequence number (a sequencenumber of each packet) and an MPU sequence number (a sequence number ofan MPU and a unique number in an asset).

In addition, a data structure of an MMTP payload header and an MMTPpacket header other than a data unit header includes aggregation_flag,fragmentation_indicator, and fragment_counter similar to timed media(also referred to as “timed media data” below) described above.

Next, a specific example of header information in the case where a file(=Item=MFU) is divided and packetized will be described with referenceto FIGS. 54 and 55.

FIGS. 54 and 55 are views illustrating examples where each of aplurality of items of divided data obtained by dividing a file ispacketized and is transmitted. More specifically, FIGS. 54 and 55illustrate information (a packet sequence number, a fragment counter, afragmentation indicator, an MPU sequence number and an item ID) includedin one of a data unit header, an MMTP payload header and an MMTP packetheader which is header information per divided MMTP packet. In addition,FIG. 54 is a view illustrating the example where File#1 is divided intoM (M<=256), and FIG. 55 is a view illustrating the example where File#2is divided into N (256<N).

A divided data number indicates an index of head divided data of a file,yet the divided data number information is not transmitted. That is, thedivided data number is not included in header information. Further, thedivided data number is a number allocated to a packet associated witheach of a plurality of items of divided data obtained by dividing afile, and is a number allocated by incrementing the number by 1 from ahead packet in an ascending order.

The packet sequence number is a sequence number of a packet having thesame packet ID. In FIGS. 54 and 55, head divided data of a file is A,and continuous numbers are allocated to the items of divided data up tolast divided data of a file. The packet sequence number is a numberallocated by incrementing the number by 1 from head divided data of thefile in the ascending order, and is a number associated with a divideddata number.

The fragment counter indicates a number of items of a plurality ofdivided data which comes after a plurality of items of these divideddata among a plurality of items of divided data obtained by dividing onefile. Further, the fragment counter indicates a remainder obtained bydividing the number of items of divided data by 256 when the number ofitems of divided data which is the number of a plurality of items ofdivided data obtained by dividing one file exceeds 256. In the examplein FIG. 54, the number of items of divided data is 256 or less, andtherefore a field value of the fragment counter is (M−divided datanumber). Meanwhile, in the example in FIG. 55, the number of items ofdivided data exceeds 256, and therefore takes a remainder obtained bydividing (N—divided data number) by 256 and can be expressed asN—divided data number) % 256. In this regard, % represents a symbol ofan operation indicating a remainder obtained by the division.

In addition, the fragmentation indicator indicates a divided state ofdata stored in an MMTP packet, and is a value indicating head divideddata of divided data units, last divided data, other divided data or oneor more undivided data units. More specifically, the fragmentationindicator indicates “01” in the case of the head divided data, indicates“11” in the case of the last divided data, indicates “10” in the case ofthe rest of items of divided data and indicates “00” in the case of theundivided data units.

In the present exemplary embodiment, a case where, when the number ofitems of divided data exceeds 256, the number of items of divided dataindicates a remainder obtained by dividing the number of items ofdivided data by 256 will be described. However, the number of items ofdivided data is not limited to 256, and may take other numbers(predetermined numbers).

Assume a case where a file is divided as illustrated in FIGS. 54 and 55,conventional header information is allocated to each of a plurality ofitems of divided data obtained by dividing the file, and a plurality ofitems of divided data is transmitted. In this case, a receiving devicedoes not know what divided data number the items of data stored inreceived MMTP packets are in the original file (divided data numbers),and the number of items of divided data of the file or has noinformation which makes it possible to specify divided data numbers andthe number of items of divided data. Therefore, according to aconventional transmitting method, even when an MMTP packet is received,it is difficult to uniquely detect divided data numbers of the items ofdata stored in the received MMTP packets, and the number of items ofdivided data.

When, for example, the number of items of divided data is 256 or less asillustrated in FIG. 54 and that the number of items of divided data is256 or less is known in advance, it is possible to specify divided datanumbers and the number of items of divided data by referring to fragmentcounters. However, when the number of items of divided data is 256 ormore, it is difficult to specify divided data numbers and the number ofitems of divided data.

In addition, when the number of items of divided data of a file islimited to 256 or less, and a data size which can be transmitted by onepacket is x [bytes], a transmittable maximum size of the file is limitedto x*256 [bytes]. For example, broadcast assumes x=4 k [bytes], and, inthis case, the transmittable maximum size of the file is limited to 4k*256=1M [bytes]. Hence, when a file exceeding 1 [Mbytes] needs to betransmitted, the transmitting device has difficulty in limiting thenumber of items of divided data of the file to 256 or less.

Further, by, for example, referring to a fragmentation indicator, thereceiving device can detect head divided data or last head data of afile. Therefore, by counting a number of MMTP packets until the MMTPpacket including the last divided data of the file is received or byreceiving an MMTP packet including the last divided data of the file,and then combining the fragmentation indicator with a packet sequencenumber, the receiving device can calculate a divided data number or thenumber of items of divided data. Consequently, by combining thefragmentation indicator and the packet sequence number, the transmittingdevice may signal the divided data number and the number of items ofdivided data. However, when starting receiving MMTP packets includingitems of divided data, i.e., the items of divided data which are noteither head divided data of the file or last divided data of the file inthe middle of the file, the receiving device has difficulty inspecifying divided data numbers of the items of divided data, and thenumber of items of divided data. The receiving device can specify thedivided data numbers of the items of divided data, and the number ofdivided data for the first time after receiving an MMTP packet includingthe last divided data of the file.

A following method is used for the matter to be considered that isdescribed with reference to FIGS. 54 and 55, i.e., the following methodis used by the receiving device to uniquely specify divided data numbersof items of divided data of a file, and the number of items of divideddata in the middle of reception of packets including the items ofdivided data of the file.

First, each divided data number will be described.

As each divided data number, the transmitting device signals a packetsequence number of head divided data of the file (item).

According to a signaling method, the packet sequence number is stored incontrol information for managing the file. More specifically, packetsequence number A of the head divided data of the file in FIGS. 54 and55 is stored in the control information. The receiving device obtains avalue of packet sequence number A from the control information, andcalculates the divided data number from the packet sequence numberindicated in a packet header.

A divided data number of divided data is calculated by subtractingpacket sequence number A of the head divided data from a packet sequencenumber of this divided data.

The control information for managing the file is, for example, an assetmanagement table defined according to ARIB STD-B60. The asset managementtable indicates a file size and version information per file, and isstored in a data transmission message and transmitted. FIG. 56 is a viewillustrating a syntax of a loop per file in the asset management table.

When having difficulty in extending an area of an existing assetmanagement table, the transmitting device may signal a packet sequencenumber by using a 32-bit area which is part of an item_info_byte fieldindicating item information. A flag indicating whether or not a packetsequence number in head divided data of a file (item) is indicated inpart of an area of item_info_byte may be indicated in, for example, areserved_future_use_field of control information.

When transmitting a file in the case of data carousel, the transmittingdevice may indicate a plurality of packet sequence numbers or a headpacket sequence number of a file transmitted immediately after aplurality of packet sequence numbers.

A packet sequence number is not limited to a packet sequence number ofhead divided data of a file and needs to be information which links adivided data number of the file and the packet sequence number.

Next, the number of items of divided data will be described.

The transmitting device may define a loop order of each file included inthe asset management table as a file transmission order. Thus, headpacket sequence numbers of two continuous files in the transmissionorder can be learned. Consequently, by subtracting the head packetsequence number of the file transmitted in advance from the head packetsequence number of the file subsequently transmitted, it is possible tospecify the number of items of divided data of the file transmitted inadvance. That is, when, for example, File#1 illustrated in FIG. 54 andFile#2 in FIG. 55 are continuous files in this order, a last packetsequence number of File#1 and a head packet sequence number of File#2are allocated continuous numbers.

Further, by defining a file dividing method, it may be defined to makeit possible to specify the number of items of divided data of a file.When, for example, the number of items of divided data is N, by definingthat each size of items of 1st divided data to (N−1)th divided data is Land a size of Nth divided data is a fraction (item_size−L*(N−1)), thereceiving device can calculate back the number of items of data fromitem_size indicated in the asset management table. In this case, aninteger value obtained by rounding up (item_size/L) is the number ofitems of divided data. In addition, the file dividing method is notlimited to this.

Further, the number of items of divided data may be directly stored inthe asset management table.

By using the above method, the receiving device receives controlinformation, and calculates the number of items of divided data based onthe control information. Further, it is possible to calculate a packetsequence number associated with a divided data number of the file basedon the control information. In addition, when a timing to receivepackets of divided data comes earlier than a timing to receive thecontrol information, a divided data number and the number of items ofdivided data may be calculated at the timing to receive the controlinformation.

In addition, when the transmitting device signals a divided data numberor the number of items of divided data by using the above method, thedivided data number or the number of items of divided data is notspecified based on fragment counters, and therefore the fragmentcounters are unnecessary data. Hence, when signaling information whichmakes it possible to specify a divided data number and the number ofitems of divided data by using the above method in the case oftransmission of a non-timed medium, the transmitting device may notoperate fragment counters or may compress a header. Consequently, it ispossible to reduce processing amounts of the transmitting device and thereceiving device, and improve transmission efficiency, too. That is,when transmitting a non-timed medium, the transmitting device may setfragment counters to reserved (invalidated). More specifically, a valueof the fragment counter may be, for example, a fixed value of “0”.Further, when a non-timed medium is received, fragment counters may beignored.

When a timed medium such as a video or an audio is stored, an MMTPpacket transmission order of the transmitting device and an MMTP packetarrival order of the receiving device match, and packets are notretransmitted. Therefore, when it is not necessary to detect packet lossand reconfigure packets, fragment counters may not be operated. In otherwords, in this case, the fragment counters may be set to reserved(invalidated).

In addition, the receiving device can detect a random access point,detect an access unit head and detect an NAL unit head without usingfragment counters, and can perform decoding processing, packet lossdetection and packet loss recovery processing.

Further, transmission of real-time content such as live broadcastdemands lower delay transmission, and demands that data which has beenencoded is sequentially packetized and transmitted. However, in the caseof the real-time content transmission, general transmitting devices havedifficulty in determining the number of items of divided data duringtransmission of head divided data by using conventional fragmentcounters. Therefore, the general transmitting devices transmit the headdivided data after encoding all data units and determining the number ofitems of divided data, and therefore delay occurs. By contrast withthis, the transmitting device and the receiving device according to thepresent exemplary embodiment can reduce this delay by using the abovemethod and by not operating fragment counters.

FIG. 57 is a flowchart of an operation of specifying divided datanumbers in the receiving device.

The receiving device obtains control information in which fileinformation is described (step S1201). The receiving device determineswhether or not a head packet sequence number of a file is indicated incontrol information (step S1202), and calculates a packet sequencenumber associated with a divided data number of divided data of the file(step S1203) when the head packet sequence number of the file isindicated in the control information (Yes in step S1202). Further, thereceiving device obtains MMTP packets in which items of divided data arestored, and then specifies divided data numbers of the file from thepacket sequence numbers stored in the packet headers of the obtainedMMTP packets (step S1204).

Meanwhile, when the head packet sequence number of the file is notindicated in the control information (No in step S1202), the receivingdevice obtains an MMTP packet including last divided data of the file,and then specifies a divided data number by using a fragment indicatorstored in a packet header of the obtained MMTP packet, and the packetsequence number (step S1205).

FIG. 58 is a flowchart of an operation of specifying the number of itemsof divided data in the receiving device.

The receiving device obtains control information in which fileinformation is described (step S1301). The receiving device determineswhether or not the control information includes information which makesit possible to calculate the number of items of divided data (stepS1302), and calculates the number of items of divided data based on theinformation included in the control information (step S1303) whendetermining that the control information includes the information whichmakes it possible to calculate the number of items of divided data (Yesin step S1302). Meanwhile, when determining that it is not possible tocalculate the number of items of divided data (No in step S1302), thereceiving device obtains an MMTP packet including last divided data ofthe file, and then specifies the number of items of divided data byusing a fragment indicator stored in a packet header of the obtainedMMTP packet, and the packet sequence number (step S1304).

FIG. 59 is a flowchart of an operation of determining whether or not tooperate fragment counters in the transmitting device.

First, the transmitting device determines whether a medium to transmit(also referred to as “media data” below) is a timed medium or anon-timed medium (step S1401).

When a determination result in step S1401 indicates the timed medium(the timed medium in step S1402), the transmitting device determineswhether or not MMTP packet transmission/reception orders match inenvironment in which the timed medium is transmitted and whether or notit is unnecessary to reconfigure packets in the case of packet loss(step S1403). When determining that it is unnecessary to reconfigure thepackets (Yes in step S1403), the transmitting device does not operatefragment counters (step S1404). Meanwhile, when determining that it isnot unnecessary to reconfigure the packets (No in step S1403), thetransmitting device operates the fragment counters (step S1405).

When the determination result in step S1401 indicates the non-timedmedium (the non-timed medium in step S1402), the transmitting devicedetermines whether or not to operate the fragment counters based onwhether or not the divided data numbers and the number of items ofdivided data are signaled by using the above-described method. Morespecifically, when signaling the divided data numbers and the number ofitems of divided data (Yes in step S1406), the transmitting device doesnot operate the fragment counters (step S1404). Meanwhile, when notsignaling the divided data numbers and the number of items of divideddata (No in step S1406), the transmitting device operates the fragmentcounters (step S1405).

In addition, when not operating the fragment counters, the transmittingdevice may set values of the fragment counters to reserved or maycompress a header.

In addition, the transmitting device may determine whether or not tosignal the above-described divided data numbers and number of items ofdivided data, based on whether or not to operate the fragment counters.

In addition, when not operating the fragment counters for the timedmedium, the transmitting device may signal divided data numbers or thenumber of divided data by using the above-described method for thenon-timed medium. In addition, the transmitting device may determine howto operate the timed medium, based on whether or not to operate thefragment counters for the non-timed medium. In this case, thetransmitting device can determine whether or not to operate the fragmentcounters likewise both for the timed medium and the non-timed medium.

Next, a method for specifying the number of items of divided data anddivided data numbers (in the case where fragment counters are used) willbe described. FIG. 60 is a view for explaining a method for specifyingthe number of items of divided data and divided data numbers (in thecase where the fragment counters are used).

As described with reference to FIG. 54, when the number of items ofdivided data is 256 or less and that the number of items of divided datais 256 or less is known in advance, it is possible to specify divideddata numbers and the number of items of divided data by referring to thefragment counters.

When the number of items of divided data of a file is limited to 256 orless, and a data size which can be transmitted by one packet is x[bytes], a transmittable maximum size of the file is limited to x*256[bytes]. For example, broadcast assumes x=4 k [bytes], and, in thiscase, the transmittable maximum size of the file is limited to 4k*256=1M [bytes].

When a file size exceeds a transmittable maximum size of the file, thetransmitting device divides the file in advance such that the sizes ofthe divided files are x*256 [bytes] or less. The transmitting devicehandles each of a plurality of divided files obtained by dividing thefile as one file (item), then divides one file into 256 or less, andstores divided data obtained by further dividing the file in MMTPpackets and transmits the MMTP packets.

In addition, the transmitting device may store information indicatingthat an item is a divided file, the number of divided files and asequence number of each divided file in control information, andtransmit the control information to the receiving device. Further, thetransmitting device may store these pieces of information in the assetmanagement table, or may indicate these pieces of information by usingpart of existing field item_info_byte.

When a received item is one divided file of a plurality of divided filesobtained by dividing one file, the receiving device can specify otherdivided files, and reconfigure the original file. Further, by using thenumber of divided files of the divided files of received controlinformation, indices of the divided files and the fragment counters, thereceiving device can uniquely specify the number of items of divideddata and divided data numbers. Furthermore, it is possible to uniquelyspecify the number of items of divided data and the divided data numberswithout using packet sequence numbers.

In this regard, item_id of each of a plurality of divided files obtainedby dividing one file is desirably the same between each other. Inaddition, when different item_id is allocated, item_id of a head dividedfile may be indicated to uniquely refer to a file from another controlinformation.

Further, a plurality of divided files may belong to the same MPU at alltimes. When a plurality of files is stored in an MPU, files obtained bydividing one file may be stored at all times without storing files ofdifferent types. The receiving device can detect a file update bychecking version information per MPU without checking versioninformation per item.

FIG. 61 is a flowchart of an operation of the transmitting device in thecase where the fragment counters are used.

First, the transmitting device checks a size of a file to transmit (stepS1501). Next, the transmitting device determines whether or not the filesize exceeds x*256 [bytes] (x indicates a data size which can betransmitted by one packet such as an MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)size) (step S1502), and divides the file such that sizes of dividedfiles are less than x*256 [bytes] (step S1503) when the file sizeexceeds x*256 [bytes] (Yes in step S1502). Further, the transmittingdevice transmits the divided files as items, stores information relatedto the divided files (information indicating, for example, a dividedfile or a sequence number of the divided file) in control information,and transmits the control information (step S1504). Meanwhile, when thefile size is less than x*256 [bytes] (No in step S1502), thetransmitting device transmits the files as items as usual (step S1505).

FIG. 62 is a flowchart of an operation of the receiving device in thecase where the fragment counters are used.

First, the receiving device obtains and analyzes control informationsuch as the asset management table related to transmission of a file(step S1601). Next, the receiving device determines whether or not adesired item is a divided file (step S1602). When determining that thedesired file is the divided file (Yes in step S1602), the receivingdevice obtains information such as divided files or indices of thedivided files for reconfiguring the file from the control information(step S1603). Further, the receiving device obtains items configuringthe divided files, and reconfigures the original file (step S1604).Meanwhile, when determining that the desired file is not the dividedfile (No in step S1602), the receiving device obtains files as usual(step S1605).

That is, the transmitting device signals a packet sequence number ofhead divided data of the file. Further, the transmitting device signalsinformation which makes it possible to specify the number of items ofdivided data. Alternatively, the transmitting device defines a divisionrule which makes it possible to specify the number of items of divideddata. Further, the transmitting device sets the fragment counters toreserved or compresses a header without operating the fragment counters.

When the packet sequence number of head data of the file is signaled,the receiving device specifies divided data numbers and the number ofitems of divided data from the packet sequence number of the headdivided data of the file and the packet sequence number of the MMTPpacket.

From another viewpoint, the transmitting device divides a file, dividesdata per divided file and transmits the divided files. The transmittingdevice signals information (sequence numbers and a number of times ofdivision) which links divided files.

The receiving device specifies divided data numbers and the number ofitems of divided data from the fragment counters and sequence numbers ofdivided files.

Consequently, the receiving device can uniquely specify the divided datanumbers or the items of divided data. Further, in the middle ofreception of items of divided data, the receiving device can specifydivided data numbers of the items of divided data, and, consequently,reduce a standby time and reduce a memory, too.

Furthermore, by not operating the fragment counters, the configurationsof the transmitting and receiving devices can reduce processing amountsand improve transmission efficiency.

FIG. 63 is a view illustrating a service configuration in the case wherean identical program is transmitted by a plurality of IP data flows. Inthis example, part of data (video/audio) of a program service ID=2 istransmitted by the IP data flows using the MMT method, and data whichhas the same service ID and is different from the part of data istransmitted by IP data flows using an advanced BS data transmittingmethod. In addition, file transmission protocols are also different inthis example yet the same protocol may be used.

The transmitting device multiplexes IP data to guarantee that thereceiving device has all items of data configured by a plurality of IPdata flows by a decoding time.

The receiving device can realize the guaranteed receiver operation byperforming processing based on a decoding time by using the dataconfigured by a plurality of IP data flows.

[Supplementary Note: Transmitting Device and Receiving Device]

As described above, a transmitting device which transmits data withoutoperating fragment counters can be configured as illustrated in FIG. 64,too. Further, a receiving device which receives data without operatingfragment counters can be configured as illustrated in FIG. 65, too. FIG.64 is a view illustrating a specific configuration example of thetransmitting device. FIG. 65 is a view illustrating a specificconfiguration example of the receiving device.

Transmitting device 500 includes divider 501, configuring unit 502 andtransmitter 503. Each of divider 501, configuring unit 502 andtransmitter 503 is realized by, for example, a microcomputer, aprocessor or a dedicated circuit.

Receiving device 600 includes receiver 601, determining unit 602 andconfiguring unit 603. Each of receiver 601, determining unit 602 andconfiguring unit 603 is realized by, for example, a microcomputer, aprocessor or a dedicated circuit.

Each component of transmitting device 500 and receiving device 600 willbe described in detail by explaining a transmitting method and areceiving method.

First, the transmitting method will be described with reference to FIG.66. FIG. 66 is a flowchart of an operation of the transmitting device(transmitting method).

First, divider 501 of transmitting device 500 divides data into aplurality of items of divided data (step S1701).

Next, configuring unit 502 of transmitting device 500 configures aplurality of packets by allocating header information to each of aplurality of items of divided data and packetizing the plurality ofitems of divided data (step S1702).

Further, transmitter 503 of transmitting device 500 transmits aplurality of configured packets (step S1703). Transmitter 503 transmitsdivided data information and values of invalidated fragment counters. Inaddition, the divided data information is information for specifyingdivided data numbers and the number of items of divided data. Further,the divided data numbers are numbers indicating what divided data numberthe items of divided data are among a plurality of items of divideddata. The number of items of divided data is the number of items of aplurality divided data.

Consequently, it is possible to reduce a processing amount oftransmitting device 500.

Next, the receiving method will be described with reference to FIG. 67.FIG. 67 is a flowchart of an operation of the receiving device(receiving method).

First, receiver 601 of receiving device 600 receives a plurality ofpackets (step S1801).

Next, determining unit 602 of receiving device 600 determines whether ornot the divided data information has been obtained from a plurality ofreceived packets (step S1802).

Further, when determining unit 602 determines that the divided datainformation has been obtained (Yes in step S1802), configuring unit 603of receiving device 600 configures data from a plurality of receivedpackets without using the values of the fragment counters included inthe header information (step S1803).

Meanwhile, when determining unit 602 determines that the divided datainformation is not obtained (No in step S1802), configuring unit 603 mayconfigure data from a plurality of received packets by using the valuesof the fragment counters included in the header information (stepS1804).

Consequently, it is possible to reduce a processing amount of receivingdevice 600.

Fifth Exemplary Embodiment

[Outline]

A transmitting method of transmitting packets (TLV packets) in the casewhere an NAL unit is stored in an NAL size format in a multiplexinglayer will be described in the fifth exemplary embodiment.

As described in the first exemplary embodiment, there are following twotypes of formats for storing NAL units according to H.264 and H.265 inmultiplexing layers. A first format is a format called a byte streamformat for adding a start code including a specific bit sequence to aportion immediately before an NAL unit header. A second format is aformat called an NAL size format for adding a field indicating an NALunit size. The byte stream format is used for a MPEG-2 system or RTP,and the NAL size format is used for MP4 or DASH or MMT for using MP4.

In the byte stream format, the start code can also be configured bythree bytes, and arbitrary bytes (a byte whose value is 0) can also beadded to the start code.

Meanwhile, in the NAL size format according to general MP4, sizeinformation is indicated by one of one byte, two bytes and four bytes.This size information is indicated in a lengthSizeMinusOne field in anHEVC sample entry. The size information indicates one byte when thefield value takes “0”, indicates two bytes when the field value takes“1” and indicates four bytes when the field value takes “3”.

According to “a media transport method according to MMT for digitalbroadcast” of ARIB STD-B60 standardized in July, 2014, when an NAL unitis stored in a multiplexing layer, if an output of an HEVC encoder is abyte stream, a byte start code is removed, and an NAL unit sizeindicated in byte units by 32 bits (an integer without a sign) is addedas length information to a portion immediately before the NAL unit. Inthis regard, MPU meta data including an HEVC sample entry is nottransmitted, and size information is fixed to 32 bits (four bytes).

Further, according to “a media transport method according to MMT fordigital broadcast” of ARIB STD-B60, a pre-decoding buffer for videosignals in a receiving buffer model which a transmitting device takesinto account during transmission in order to guarantee a bufferingoperation of a receiving device is defined as a CPB (Coded PictureBuffer).

However, the following is a matter to be considered. The CPB in theMPEG-2 system and an HRD (Hypothetical Reference Decoder) according toHEVC are defined assuming that video signals have byte stream formats.Hence, when, for example, a rate of transmitting packets is controlledassuming a byte stream format to which 3-byte start code is added, aphenomenon that a receiving device which has received the transmittingpacket of an NAL size format to which a four-byte size area is added hasdifficulty in satisfying a receiving buffer model according to ARIBSTD-B60 is likely to occur. Further, the receiving buffer modelaccording to ARIB STD-B60 does not indicate a specific buffer size andan extraction rate, and therefore has difficulty in guaranteeing abuffering operation of the receiving device.

Hence, a receiving buffer model which guarantees a buffering operationof a receiver is defined as follows to solve the matter as describedabove.

FIG. 68 is a diagram illustrating a receiving buffer model in the casewhere, for example, a broadcast channel is used based on the receivingbuffer model defined according to ARIB STD-B60.

The receiving buffer model includes a TLV packet buffer (first buffer),an IP packet buffer (second buffer), an MMTP buffer (third buffer) and apre-decoding buffer (fourth buffer). In this regard, a dejitter bufferand a buffer for FEC (Forward Error Correction) are not necessary forthe broadcast channel, and therefore are omitted.

The TLV packet buffer receives the TLV packet (transmitting packet) fromthe broadcast channel, converts an IP packet configured by packetheaders (an IP packet header, a full header of a compressed IP packetand a compressed header of a compressed IP packet) of variable lengthsstored in the received TLV packet, and a payload of a variable lengthinto an IP packet (first packet) including an IP packet header of afixed length of an extended header, and outputs the IP packet obtainedby the convention at a fixed bit rate.

The IP packet buffer converts the IP packet into an MMTP packet (secondpacket) including a packer header and a payload of a variable length,and outputs the MMTP packet obtained by the conversion at a fixed bitrate. In this regard, the IP packet buffer may be merged with the MMTPpacket buffer.

The MMTP buffer converts the output MMTP packet into an NAL unit, andoutputs the NAL unit obtained by the conversion at a fixed bit rate.

The pre-decoding buffer sequentially accumulates the output NAL unit,and generates an access unit from a plurality of accumulated NAL units,and outputs the generated access unit to a decoder at a timing of adecoding time corresponding to the access unit.

In the receiving buffer model illustrated in FIG. 68, the MMTP bufferand the pre-decoding buffer other than the TLV packet buffer and the IPpacket buffer at a previous stage take over buffers of the receivingbuffer model according to MPEG-2 TS.

For example, an MMTP buffer (MMTP B1) for a video includes bufferscorresponding to a transport buffer (TB) and a multiplexing buffer (MB)according to MPEG-2 TS. Further, an MMTP buffer (MMTP Bn) for an audioincludes a buffer corresponding to a transport buffer (TB) according toMPEG-2 TS.

A buffer size of the transport buffer takes the same fixed value as thefixed value of MPEG-2 TS. For example, the buffer size is n times (n maybe a decimal or an integer and is 1 or more) as an MTU size.

Further, an MMTP packet size is defined such that an overhead rate ofthe MMTP packet header is lower than an overhead rate of a PES packetheader. Consequently, extraction rates RX1, RXn and RXs of the transportbuffer according to MPEG-2 TS are applicable to an extraction rate fromthe transport buffer. Further, a multiplexing buffer size and anextraction rate are an MB size and RBX1 according to MPEG-2 TS.

In addition to the above receiving buffer model, a following restrictionis placed to solve the matter.

The HRD definition according to HEVC assumes the byte stream format, andMMT adopts an NAL size format for adding a four-byte size area to a headof an NAL unit. Hence, a rate is controlled to satisfy the HRD in theNAL size format during encoding.

That is, a transmitting device controls a rate of a transmitting packetbased on the receiving buffer model and the restriction.

The receiving device can perform a decoding operation without causing anunderflow or an overflow by performing reception processing by using theabove signal.

In this regard, even if the size area at the head of the NAL unit doesnot have four bytes, the rate is controlled to satisfy the HRD by takinginto account the size area at the head of the NAL unit.

In this regard, an extraction rate of the TLV packet buffer (a bit rateat which the TLV packet buffer outputs an IP packet) is set by takinginto account a transmission rate after an IP header is extended.

That is, after receiving an input of the TLV packet whose data size is avariable length, removing a TLV header and extending (restoring) the IPheader, the transmitting device takes into account a transmission rateof the IP packet to be output. In other words, the transmitting devicetakes into account a header increase/decrease amount with respect to theinput transmission rate.

More specifically, the data size is the variable length, there is amixture of a packet whose IP header is compressed and a packet whose IPheader is not compressed and an IP header size differs according to apacket type such as IPv4 and IPv6, and therefore a transmission rate ofan IP packet to be output is not uniform. Hence, an average packetlength of a data size of a variable length is determined, and atransmission rate of an IP packet output from the TLV packet isdetermined.

In this case, the transmission rate is determined assuming that an IPheader is compressed to define a maximum transmission rate after an IPheader is extended.

Further, when there is a mixture of packet types of IPv4 and IPv6 orwhen the definition is made without distinguishing a packet type, atransmission rate is determined assuming an IPv6 packet whose headersize is large and whose increase rate after a head is extended is high.

When, for example, S represents an average packet length of the TLVpacket input to the TLV packet buffer, all IP packets stored in the TLVpackets are IPv6 packets and headers are compressed, a maximum outputtransmission rate after the TLV header is removed and the IP header isextended isinput rate×{S/(step S+IPv6 header compression amount)}.

More specifically, when average packet length S of the TLV packet is setbased onS=0.75×1500(1500 assumes a maximum MTU size), andIPv6 header compression amount=TLV header length−IPv6 header length−UDPheader length=3−40−8 holds,the maximum output transmission rate after the TLV header is removed andthe IP header is extended isinput rate×1.0417≈input rate×1.05.

FIG. 69 is a view illustrating an example where a plurality of dataunits is aggregated and is stored in one payload.

When a data unit is aggregated according to the MMT method, a data unitlength and a data unit header are added to a portion before a data unitas illustrated in FIG. 69.

However, when, for example, a video signal of an NAL size format isstored as one data unit, as illustrated in FIG. 70, there are two fieldsindicating sizes for one data unit, and these are pieces of overlappinginformation. FIG. 70 is a view illustrating an example where a pluralityof data units is aggregated and is stored in one payload, and an examplewhere a video signal of an NAL size format is one data unit. Morespecifically, both of a size area at a head of an NAL size format(referred to a “size area” below) and a data unit length fieldpositioned before a data unit header of an MMTP payload header arefields indicating sizes and are pieces of overlapping information. When,for example, a length of an NAL unit has L bytes, the size areaindicates the L bytes, the data unit length field indicates Lbytes+“size area length” (bytes). Although values indicated by the sizearea and the data unit length field do not completely match, it ispossible to easily calculate the other value from one value, andtherefore these are overlapping values.

When data including data size information inside is stored as a dataunit and a plurality of data units is aggregated and is stored in onepayload, pieces of size information overlap, and therefore an overheadis great and transmission efficiency is poor, which is a matter co beconsidered.

Hence, when the transmitting device stores the data including the datasize information inside as a data unit and aggregates and stores aplurality of data units in one payload, the transmitting device maystore a plurality of data units as illustrated in FIGS. 71 and 72.

As illustrated in FIG. 71, there is a case where a data unit lengthwhich is conventionally included is not indicated in an MMTP payloadheader in which an NAL unit including a size area is stored as a dataunit. FIG. 71 is a view illustrating a configuration of a payload of anMMTP packet which does not indicate a data unit length.

Further, as illustrated in FIG. 72, a flag indicating whether or not adata unit length is indicated or information indicating a size arealength may be additionally stored in a header. A location to store theflag or the information indicating the size area length may be indicatedin units of data units such as a data unit header or may be indicated inunits obtained by aggregating a plurality of data units (in packetunits). FIG. 72 is a diagram illustrating an extend area allocated inpacket units. In this regard, the location to store the information tobe additionally indicated is not limited to this, and the informationmay be stored in an MMTP payload header, an MMTP packet header andcontrol information.

When a flag indicating whether or not a data unit length is compressedindicates that a data unit length is compressed, the receiving deviceobtains the length information of the size area inside the data unit,and obtains the size area based on the length information of the sizearea and, consequently, can calculate a data unit length by using theobtained length information of the size area and the size area.

According to the above method, the transmitting device can reduce a dataamount and improve transmission efficiency.

In this regard, an overhead may be reduced by reducing the size areainstead of reducing the data unit length. When the size area is reduced,the information indicating whether or not the size area is reduced orinformation indicating the length of the data unit length field may bestored.

In this regard, an MMTP payload header also includes length information.

When an NAL unit including a size area is stored as a data unit, apayload size area in an MMTP payload header may be reducedirrespectively of whether or not data units are aggregated.

Further, even when data which does not include a size area is stored asa data unit, if data units are aggregated and a data unit length isindicated, a payload size area in an MMTP payload header may be reduced.

When a payload size area is reduced, a flag indicating whether or notthe payload size area has been reduced, length information of thereduced size field or length information of a size field which has notbeen reduced may be indicated similar to the above.

FIG. 73 illustrates a flowchart of an operation performed by thereceiving device.

As described above, the transmitting device stores an NAL unit includinga size area as a data unit, and does not indicate a data unit lengthincluded in an MMTP payload header in an MMTP packet.

An example where a flag indicating whether or not a data unit length isindicated or length information of a size area is indicated in an MMTPpacket will be described below.

The receiving device determines whether or not a data unit includes thesize area and the data unit length is reduced, based on informationtransmitted from a transmission side (step S1901).

When it is determined that the data unit length is reduced (Yes in stepS1902), length information of the size area inside the data unit isobtained, the size area inside the data unit is subsequently analyzed,and the data unit length is calculated and obtained (step S1903).

Meanwhile, when it is determined that the data unit length is notreduced (No in step S1902), the data unit length is calculated based onone of the data unit length and the size area inside the data unit asusual (step S1904).

In this regard, when the receiving device learns the flag indicatingwhether or not the data unit length is reduced or the length informationof the size area in advance, the flag or the length information may notbe transmitted. In this case, the receiving device performs processingillustrated in FIG. 73 based on predetermined information.

[Supplementary Note: Transmitting Device and Receiving Device]

As described above, the transmitting device which controls a rate tosatisfy the definition of the receiving buffer model during encoding canbe also configured as illustrated in FIG. 74. Further, the receivingdevice which receives and decodes a transmitting packet transmitted fromthe transmitting device can be also configured as illustrated in FIG.75. FIG. 74 is a view illustrating a specific configuration example ofthe transmitting device. FIG. 75 is a view illustrating a specificconfiguration example of the receiving device.

Transmitting device 700 includes generator 701 and transmitter 702.Generator 701 and transmitter 702 are realized by, for example,microcomputers, processors or dedicated circuits.

Receiving device 800 includes receiver 801, first buffer 802, secondbuffer 803, third buffer 804, fourth buffer 805 and decoder 806.Receiver 801, first buffer 802, second buffer 803, third buffer 804,fourth buffer 805 and decoder 806 are realized by, for example,microcomputers, processors or dedicated circuits.

Each component of transmitting device 700 and receiving device 800 willbe described in detail when a transmitting method and a receiving methodwill be described.

First, the transmitting method will be described with reference to FIG.76. FIG. 76 illustrates a flowchart of an operation performed by thetransmitting device (transmitting method).

First, generator 701 of transmitting device 700 generates an encodedstream by controlling a rate to satisfy the predetermined definition ofthe receiving buffer model to guarantee the buffering operation of thereceiving device (step S2001).

Next, transmitter 702 of transmitting device 700 packetizes thegenerated encoded stream, and transmits the transmitting packet obtainedby the packetizing (step S2002).

In this regard, the receiving buffer model used in transmitting device700 employs a configuration including first to fourth buffers 802 to 805which are components of receiving device 800, and therefore will not bedescribed.

Consequently, transmitting device 700 can guarantee a bufferingoperation of receiving device 800 when transmitting data by using amethod such as MMT.

Next, the receiving method will be described with reference to FIG. 77.FIG. 77 illustrates a flowchart of an operation performed by thereceiving device (receiving method).

First, receiver 801 of receiving device 800 receives the transmittingpacket configured by the packet header of the fixed length and thepayload of the variable length (step S2101).

Next, first buffer 802 of receiving device 800 converts a packetconfigured by a packet header of a variable length and a payload of avariable length stored in the received transmitting packet, into a firstpacket including a packet header of a fixed length of an extendedheader, and outputs the first packet obtained by the conversion at afixed bit rate (step S2102).

Next, second buffer 803 of receiving device 800 converts the firstpacket obtained by the conversion into a second packet configured by apacket header and a payload of a variable length, and outputs a secondpacket obtained by the conversion at a fixed bit rate (step S2103).

Next, third buffer 804 of receiving device 800 converts the outputsecond packet into an NAL unit, and outputs the NAL unit obtained by theconversion at a fixed bit rate (step S2104).

Next, fourth buffer 805 of receiving device 800 sequentially accumulatesthe output NAL unit, generates an access unit from a plurality ofaccumulated NAL units, and outputs the generated access unit to adecoder at a timing of a decoding time corresponding to the access unit(step S2105).

Further, decoder 806 of receiving device 800 decodes the access unitoutput from the fourth buffer (step S2106).

Consequently, receiving device 800 can perform a decoding operationwithout causing an underflow or an overflow.

Sixth Exemplary Embodiment

[Outline]

The sixth exemplary embodiment describes a transmitting method and areceiving method in the case where a leap second adjustment is made tothe time information serving as a reference for a reference clock underthe MMT/TLV transfer scheme.

FIG. 78 is a diagram showing a protocol stack under the MMT/TLV schemedefined according to the ARIB STD-B60.

Under the MMT scheme, in a packet, data such as video and audio isstored per first data units such as media presentation units (MPUs) andmedia fragment units (MFUs), and an MMTP packet is generated as apredetermined packet by an attachment of an MMTP packet header to thepacket (MMTP packetization). In addition, by attaching an MMTP packetheader also to control information such as a control message under theMMTP, an MMTP packet is generated as a predetermined packet. A fieldthat stores a 32-bit short-format network time protocol (NTP defined inIETF RFC 5905) is set for the MMTP packet header and can be used for theQoS control of communication lines or the like.

Moreover, a reference clock of a transmission side (transmitting device)is synchronized with a 64-bit long-format NTP defined in the RFC 5905,and a time stamp such as a presentation time stamp (PTS) and/or a decodetime stamp (DTS) are attached to a synchronized media based on thesynchronized reference clock. In addition, reference clock informationof the transmission side is transmitted to a reception side, and areceiving device generates a system clock based on the reference clockinformation received from the transmission side.

To be specific, the PTS and/or the DTS are stored in an MPU time stampdescriptor or in an MPU extended time stamp descriptor which is MMTPcontrol information. Such PTS and/or DTS are stored in an MP table foreach asset, and then transmitted after having been MMTP packetized as acontrol message.

A UDP header or an IP header is attached to the MMTP packetized data,and is encapsulated into an IP packet. Here, an assembly of the packetshaving, in the IP header or in the UDP header, the same source IPaddress, the same destination IP address, the same source port number,and the same protocol type shall be defined as an IP data flow. Notethat the respective IP packets of the same IP data flow have a redundantheader; therefore, a header is compressed for some of the IP packets.

Furthermore, a 64-bit NTP time stamp is stored into an NTP packet asreference clock information, and then stored into an IP packet. Here, inthe IP packet that stores the NTP packet, the source IP address, thedestination IP address, the source port number, the destination portnumber, and the protocol type are fixed values, and the header of the IPpacket is not compressed.

FIG. 79 is a diagram showing a structure of a TLV packet.

As shown in FIG. 79, a TLV packet can include, as data, an IP packet, acompressed IP packet, and transfer control information such as anaddress map table (AMT) and a network information table (NIT), and thesedata is identified using an 8-bit data type. In addition, in the TLVpacket, a data length (in byte units) is indicated using a 16-bit fieldand a data value is stored after that. Moreover, the TLV packet has1-byte header information before the data type and the headerinformation is stored into a header area of 4 bytes in total. The TLVpacket is also mapped into a transfer slot under an advanced BS transferscheme, and the mapping information is stored into transmission andmultiplexing configuration control (TMCC) control information.

FIG. 80 is a diagram showing an example of the block diagram of thereceiving device.

First, in the receiving device, through the decoding by a demodulatorand error correction and so on that are performed onto a broadcastsignal received by a tuner, the TLV packets are extracted. Then, aTLV/IP demultiplexer performs DEMUX processing of the TLV packets andthe IP packets. The DEMUX processing of the TLV packets is performedaccording to the data type of the TLV packet. For example, in the casewhere a TLV packet has an IP packet, a compressed header of a compressedIP packet is restored. An IP demultiplexer performs processing such asan analysis on the headers of the IP packets and the UDP packets, andextracts the MMTP packets and the NTP packets.

An NTP clock generator reproduces an NTP clock based on the extractedNTP packets. An MMTP demultiplexer performs filtering onto thecomponents such as video and audio and the control information, based ona packet ID stored in the extracted MMTP packet header. A time stampdescriptor stored in an MP table is obtained from a control informationobtainer, and a PTS/DTS calculator calculates a PTS and a DTS for eachaccess unit. Note that the time stamp descriptor includes both of an MPUtime stamp descriptor and an MPU extended time stamp descriptor.

An access unit reproducer transforms the video, audio, and others thathave been filtered from the MMTP packets into data in units forpresentation. More specifically, the data in units for presentationrefers to NAL units and access units of a video signal, audio frames,presentation units for subtitles, and the like. A decoder/presenterdecodes and presents an access unit at a time when the PTS and the DTSof the access unit match, based on the reference time information of theNTP clock.

Note that the configuration of the receiving device is not limited tothis.

Next, time stamp descriptors will be described below.

FIG. 81 is a diagram for explaining the time stamp descriptors.

A PTS and/or a DTS are stored in an MPU time stamp descriptor as thefirst control information or in an MPU extended time stamp descriptor asthe second control information, which is MMT control information. SuchPTS and/or DTS are stored in an MP table for each asset, and thentransmitted after having been MMTP packetized as a control message.

(a) in FIG. 81 is a diagram showing a structure of the MPU time stampdescriptor defined according to the ARIB STD-B60. The MPU time stampdescriptor stores presentation time information (the first timeinformation) indicating a PTS (an absolute value indicated by 64-bitNTP) of the AU positioned at a head (first) (hereinafter referred to as“head AU”) in a presentation order of presenting the plural access units(AUs) serving as the second data units stored in each of the MPUs. Inother words, the presentation time information attached to an MPU isincluded in the control information of the MMTP packet and thentransmitted.

(b) in FIG. 81 is a diagram showing a structure of the MPU extended timestamp descriptor. The MPU extended time stamp descriptor stores theinformation for calculating the PTS and the DTS of the AU included ineach of the MPUs. The MPU extended time stamp descriptor includesrelative information (the second time information) from the PTS of thehead AU in the MPU, which is stored in the MPU time stamp descriptor,and the PTS and the DTS of each of the AUs included in the MPU can becalculated based on both the MPU time stamp descriptor and the MPUextended time stamp descriptor. In other words, the PTSs and the DTSs ofthe AUs other than the head AU included in the MPU can be calculatedbased on the PTS of the head AU, which is stored in the MPU time stampdescriptor, and the relative information stored in the MPU extended timestamp descriptor.

In other words, the second time information is relative time informationused together with the first time information for calculating the PTS orDTS of each of the AUs. Namely, the second time information is theinformation indicating, together with the first time information, thePTS or DTS of each of the AUs.

The NTP is reference time information based on a coordinated universaltime (UTC). The UTC makes an adjustment for a leap second (hereinafterreferred to as “leap second adjustment”) in order to adjust a differencefrom an astronomical time based on a rotation velocity of the earth.More specifically, the leap second adjustment is made at 9 a.m. in theJapanese standard time and is an adjustment of inserting or deleting onesecond.

FIG. 82 is a diagram for explaining the leap second adjustment.

(a) in FIG. 82 is a diagram showing an example of inserting a leapsecond in the Japanese standard time. As shown in the diagram, in theleap second insertion in the Japanese standard time, after 8:59:59, thetime 8:59:59 follows at the timing when it is supposed to be 9:00:00 inthe original time, and thus, the time 8:59:59 is repeated two times.

(b) in FIG. 82 is a diagram showing an example of deleting a leap secondin the Japanese standard time. As shown in the diagram, in the leapsecond deletion in the Japanese standard time, after 8:59:58, the time9:00:00 follows at the timing when it is supposed to be 8:59:59 in theoriginal time, and thus, one second of the time 8:59:59 is deleted.

In the NTP packet, 2-bit leap_indicator is stored other than a 64-bittime stamp. The leap_indicator is a flag for previously notifying that aleap second adjustment will be made, and leap_indicator=1 indicates aleap second insertion whereas leap_indicator=2 indicates a leap seconddeletion. The methods for the previous notification include, amongothers, a notification at the beginning of the month in which a leapsecond adjustment is made, a notification that is 24 hours prior to aleap second adjustment, a method of starting the notification at anarbitrary time. In addition, leap_indicator becomes 0 at the time whenthe leap second adjustment is ended (9:00:00). For example, in the caseof notifying a leap second adjustment 24 hours in advance before theleap second adjustment is made, leap_indicator indicates “1” or “2”during a period of time starting from 9 a.m. on the day before the dayon which the leap second adjustment is made up to the time that isimmediately before the leap second adjustment is made on the day of theadjustment in the Japanese standard time (i.e., the first 8:59:59 forthe case of the leap second insertion and the time 8:59:58 for the caseof the leap second deletion).

Next, the matters to be considered at the time of leap second adjustmentwill be described below.

FIG. 83 is a diagram showing a relationship among an NTP time, an MPUtime stamp and MPU presentation timing. Note that the NTP time is a timeindicated by the NTP. The MPU time stamp is a time stamp indicating aPTS of the head AU in an MPU. The MPU presentation timing is a timing atwhich the receiving device should present an MPU according to an MPUtime stamp. To be more specific, (a) to (c) in FIG. 83 respectivelyshows the relationship among the NTP time, the MPU time stamp, and theMPU presentation time in the respective cases where: (a) a leap secondadjustment does not occur; (b) a leap second is inserted; and (c) a leapsecond is deleted.

Here, the case where the NTP time (reference clock) of the transmissionside synchronizes with an NTP server while the NTP time (system clock)of the reception side synchronizes with the NTP time of the transmissionside will be described as an example. In this case, the receiving devicereproduces based on the time stamp stored in the NTP packet transferredfrom the transmission side. In addition, both the NTP time of thetransmission side and the NTP time of the reception side synchronizewith the NTP server, and therefore, +1 or −1 second adjustment is madeat the time of the leap second adjustment. Moreover, the NTP time inFIG. 83 shall be commonly used for the NTP time of the transmission sideand the NTP time of the reception side. Note that the description isprovided under the assumption that no transit delay shall occur.

The MPU time stamp in FIG. 83 indicates a time stamp of a head AU in apresentation order of presenting the plural AUs included in each of theMPUs, and is generated (set) based on the NTP time indicated by anarrow. More specifically, the presentation time information of an MPU isgenerated by adding a predetermined period of time (e.g., 1.5 seconds inFIG. 83) to the NTP time as the reference time information at the timingof generating the presentation time information of the MPU. Thegenerated MPU time stamp is stored into the corresponding MPU time stampdescriptor.

The receiving device presents an MPU at the MPU presentation time thatis based on the time stamp stored in the MPU time stamp descriptor.

Note that, in FIG. 83, it is described that a reproduction time of oneMPU is one second, however, the reproduction time may be a period oftime other than one second, e.g., 0.5 seconds or 0.1 seconds.

In the example shown in (a) in FIG. 83, the receiving device cansequentially present MPU#1 through MPU#5 based on the time stamps eachbeing stored in the corresponding MPU time stamp descriptor.

However, in (b) in FIG. 83, the presentation time of MPU#2 and thepresentation time of MPU#3 overlap due to the leap second insertion.Therefore, when the receiving device presents an MPU based on the timestamp stored in the MPU time stamp descriptor, the receiving devicecannot determine as to which MPU shall be presented because two MPUs areto be presented at the same time of 9:00:00. Moreover, the receivingdevice cannot determine as to at which of the two MPU presentation timesan MPU shall be presented because the MPU presentation time (8:59:59)indicated by the time stamp MPU#1 is presented for two times.

Moreover, in (c) in FIG. 83, the receiving device cannot present MPU#3because the MPU presentation time (8:59:59) indicated by the MPU timestamp MPU#3 does not exist in the NTP time due to the leap seconddeletion.

In the case of decoding and presenting MPUs without reference to thetime stamps, the receiving device can solve the matters that aredescribed above. Nevertheless, it is difficult for the receiving devicethat performs processing based on the time stamps to perform differentprocessing (processing without reference to the time stamps) when a leapsecond occurs.

Next, the method of solving the matters at the time of the leap secondadjustment by correcting a time stamp on the transmission side will bedescribed.

FIG. 84 is a diagram for explaining a correction method of correcting atime stamp on the transmission side. Specifically, (a) in FIG. 84 showsan example of the leap second insertion while (b) in FIG. 84 shows anexample of the leap second deletion.

First, the case of the leap second insertion will be described.

As shown in (a) in FIG. 84, in the case of the leap second insertion, atime range up to a time immediately before a leap second insertion(i.e., up to the first 8:59:59 in the NTP time) is defined as a regionA, and a time range that follows the leap second insertion (i.e., afterand including the second 8:59:59 in the NTP time) is defined as a regionB. Note that the regions A and B are temporal regions and are time spansor periods of time. The MPU time stamp in (a) in FIG. 84 is the same asthe time stamp described in FIG. 83 and is the time stamp generated(set) based on the NTP time at the timing of attaching an MPU timestamp.

The method for correcting a time stamp on the transmission side in thecase of the leap second insertion will be described in detail.

The following processing is performed by the transmission side(transmitting device).

1. In the case where the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in (a) in FIG. 84) is included in theregion A and the MPU time stamp (a value of the MPU time stamp beforecorrection) indicates the time 9:00:00 or thereafter, the transmissionside (transmitting device) makes −1 second correction of decreasing onesecond from the MPU time stamp value and stores the corrected MPU timestamp into the MPU time stamp descriptor. In other words, in the casewhere an MPU time stamp is generated based on the NTP time included inthe region A and the MPU time stamp indicates the time 9:00:00 orthereafter, the transmission side (transmitting device) corrects the MPUtime stamp by decreasing one second. Note that the time “9:00:00” hereis the time, which serves as a reference for the leap second adjustment,corresponding to the Japanese standard time (i.e., the time derived byadding nine hours to the UTC time scale). The transmission side(transmitting device) separately transmits the correction informationwhich is information indicating that a correction has been made to thereceiving device.

2. In the case where the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in (a) in FIG. 84) is in the region B, thetransmission side (transmitting device) does not correct the MPU timestamp. In other words, in the case where an MPU time stamp is generatedbased on the NTP time included in the region B, the transmission side(transmitting device) does not correct the MPU time stamp.

The receiving device presents an MPU based on the corresponding MPU timestamp and the correction information indicating whether or not the MPUtime stamp has been corrected (i.e., whether or not the informationindicating that a correction has been made is included).

In the case where it is determined that the MPU time stamp has not beencorrected (i.e., in the case where it is determined that the informationindicating that a correction has been made is not included), thereceiving device presents the MPU at the time when the time stamp storedin the MPU time stamp descriptor corresponds to the NTP time (includingboth the NTP time before correction and the NTP time after correction)of the receiving device. In other words, in the case where the MPU timestamp is the one that is stored in the MPU time stamp descriptor of theMPU transmitted before the MPU to be corrected, the receiving devicepresents the MPU at the time when the MPU time stamp corresponds to theNTP time before the leap second insertion (i.e., before the first8:59:59). In the case where the MPU time stamp stored in the MPU timestamp descriptor of the received MPU is the time stamp transmitted afterthe MPU time stamp to be corrected, the receiving device presents theMPU at the timing corresponding to the NTP time after the leap secondinsertion (i.e., after and including the second 8:59:59).

Moreover, in the case where the MPU time stamp stored in the MPU timestamp descriptor of the received MPU has been corrected, the receivingdevice presents the MPU based on the NTP time after the leap secondinsertion (i.e., after and including the second 8:59:59).

Note that the information indicating that an MPU time stamp value hasbeen corrected is stored in a control message, a descriptor, MPUmetadata, MF metadata, an MMTP packet header, or the like, and thentransferred.

Next, the case of the leap second deletion will be described.

As shown in (b) in FIG. 84, in the case of the leap second deletion, atime range up to a time immediately before a leap second deletion (i.e.,up to 9:00:00 in the NTP time) is defined as a region C, and a timerange that follows the leap second deletion (i.e., after and including9:00:00 in the NTP time) is defined as a region D. Note that the regionsC and D are temporal regions and are time spans or periods of time. TheMPU time stamp in (b) in FIG. 84 is the same as the time stamp describedin FIG. 83 and is the time stamp generated (set) based on the NTP timeat the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp.

The method for correcting a time stamp on the transmission side in thecase of the leap second deletion will be described in detail.

The following processing is performed by the transmission side(transmitting device).

1. In the case where the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in (b) in FIG. 84) is included in theregion C and the MPU time stamp (a value of the MPU time stamp beforecorrection) indicates the time 8:59:59 or thereafter, the transmissionside (transmitting device) makes +1 second correction of adding onesecond to the MPU time stamp value and stores the corrected MPU timestamp into the MPU time stamp descriptor. In other words, in the casewhere an MPU time stamp is generated based on the NTP time included inthe region C and the MPU time stamp indicates the time 8:59:59 orthereafter, the transmission side (transmitting device) corrects the MPUtime stamp by adding one second. Note that the time “8:59:59” here isthe time obtained by decreasing one second from the time correspondingto the Japanese standard time (i.e., the time derived by adding ninehours to the UTC time scale). In addition, the transmission side(transmitting device) separately transmits the correction informationwhich is information indicating that a correction has been made to thereceiving device. Note that the transmission side (transmitting device)may not necessarily transmit the correction information in this case.

2. In the case where the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in (b) in FIG. 84) is in the region D, thetransmission side (transmitting device) does not correct the MPU timestamp. In other words, in the case where an MPU time stamp is generatedbased on the NTP time included in the region D, the transmission side(transmitting device) does not correct the MPU time stamp.

The receiving device presents an MPU based on the MPU time stamp. Notethat, when the correction information indicating whether or not an MPUtime stamp has been corrected is provided, the receiving device maypresent an MPU based on the MPU time stamp and the correctioninformation.

With the processing as described above, the receiving device can performa normal presentation using the MPU time stamp stored in the MPU timestamp descriptor, even when a leap second adjustment has been made tothe NTP time.

Note that the transmission side (transmitting device) may signal thatthe timing of attaching an MPU time stamp is in the region A, B, C, or Dso as to notify the receiving device of it. In other words, thetransmission side (transmitting device) may signal that an MPU timestamp is generated based on the NTP time included in the region A, B, C,or D so as to notify the reception side of it. To put it another way,the transmission side (transmitting device) may transmit identificationinformation indicating whether or not an MPU time stamp (presentationtime) is generated based on the reference time information (NTP time)before the leap second adjustment. The identification information isattached based on leap_indicator included in an NTP packet and thus isthe information indicating whether or not an MPU time stamp is set basedon a time within the time range from 9:00:00 on the previous day of theday a leap second adjustment is made up to a time immediately before theleap second adjustment (i.e., the first 8:59:59 in the case of the leapsecond insertion and at 8:59:58 in the case of the leap seconddeletion). In other words, the identification information is theinformation indicating whether or not an MPU time stamp is generatedbased on the NTP time within a time range from a time preceding, by apredetermined period of time (e.g., 24 hours), a time immediately beforea leap second adjustment is made up to the time immediately before theleap second adjustment.

Next, the method for solving the matters at the time of leap secondadjustment by correcting a time stamp in the receiving device will bedescribed.

FIG. 85 is a diagram for explaining a correction method of correcting atime stamp in the receiving device. More specifically, (a) in FIG. 85shows an example of the leap second insertion whereas (b) in FIG. 85shows an example of the leap second deletion.

First, the case of the leap second insertion will be described.

As shown in (a) in FIG. 85, in the case of the leap second insertion, atime range up to a time immediately before the leap second insertion(i.e., up to the first 8:59:59 in the NTP time) is defined as a regionA, and a time range after the leap second insertion (i.e., after andincluding the second 8:59:59 in the NTP time) is defined as a region B.Note that the regions A and B are temporal regions and are time spans orperiods of time. The MPU time stamp in (a) in FIG. 85 is the same as thetime stamp described in FIG. 83 and is the time stamp generated (set)based on the NTP time at the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp.

The method for correcting a time stamp in the receiving device in thecase of the leap second insertion will be described in detail.

The following processing is performed on the transmission side(transmitting device).

-   -   The transmission side (transmitting device) does not correct but        stores the generated MPU time stamp into the MPU time stamp        descriptor and transmits the stored MPU time stamp to the        receiving device.    -   The transmission side (transmitting device) transmits, as the        identification information, the information indicating whether        the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp is in the region A or        in the region B to the receiving device. In other words, the        transmission side (transmitting device) transmits, to the        receiving device, the identification information indicating        whether the MPU time stamp is generated based on the NTP time        included in the region A or in the region B.

The receiving device performs the following processing.

The receiving device corrects an MPU time stamp based on thecorresponding MPU time stamp and the identification informationindicating whether the timing of attaching the MPU time stamp is in theregion A or in the region B.

More specifically, the following processing is performed.

1. In the case where the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in (a) in FIG. 85) is included in theregion A and the MPU time stamp (a value of the MPU time stamp beforecorrection) indicates the time 9:00:00 or thereafter, the receivingdevice makes −1 second correction of decreasing one second from the MPUtime stamp value and stores the corrected MPU time stamp into the MPUtime stamp descriptor. In other words, in the case where an MPU timestamp is generated based on the NTP time included in the region A andthe MPU time stamp indicates the time 9:00:00 or thereafter, thereceiving device corrects the MPU time stamp by decreasing one second.Note that the time “9:00:00” here is the time, which serves as areference for the leap second adjustment, corresponding to the Japanesestandard time (i.e., the time derived by adding nine hours to the UTCtime scale).

2. In the case where the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in (a) in FIG. 85) is in the region B, thereceiving device does not correct the MPU time stamp. In other words, inthe case where the MPU time stamp is generated based on the NTP timeincluded in the region B, the receiving device does not correct the MPUtime stamp.

In the case where an MPU time stamp has not been corrected, thereceiving device presents the corresponding MPU at the time when the MPUtime stamp stored in the MPU time stamp descriptor corresponds to theNTP time (including both the NTP time before correction and the NTP timeafter correction) of the receiving device.

Namely, in the case where an MPU time stamp is the one received beforethe MPU time stamp to be corrected, the receiving device presents theMPU at the time corresponding to the NTP time before the leap secondinsertion (i.e., before the first 8:59:59). In addition, in the casewhere the MPU time stamp is the one received after the MPU time stamp tobe corrected, the receiving device presents the MPU at the timecorresponding to the NTP time after the leap second insertion (i.e.,after the second 8:59:59).

In the case where an MPU time stamp has been corrected, the receivingdevice presents the corresponding MPU at the time when the corrected MPUtime stamp corresponds to the NTP time after the leap second insertion(i.e., after the second 8:59:59) of the receiving device.

Note that the transmission side stores the identification informationindicating whether the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp is in theregion A or in the region B into a control message, a descriptor, MPUmetadata, MF metadata, an MMTP packet header, or the like, and thentransfers the stored identification information.

Next, the case of the leap second deletion will be described.

As shown in (b) in FIG. 85, in the case of the leap second deletion, atime range up to a time immediately before the leap second deletion(i.e., immediately before 9:00:00 in the NTP time) is defined as aregion C, and a time range after the leap second deletion (i.e., thetime after 9:00:00 in the NTP time) is defined as a region D, as in (b)in FIG. 84. Note that the regions C and D are temporal regions and aretime spans or periods of time. The MPU time stamp in (b) in FIG. 85 isthe same as the time stamp described in FIG. 83 and is the time stampgenerated (set) based on the NTP time at the timing of attaching an MPUtime stamp.

The method for correcting a time stamp in the receiving device in thecase of the leap second deletion will be described in detail.

The following processing is performed on the transmission side(transmitting device).

-   -   The transmission side (transmitting device) does not correct but        stores the generated MPU time stamp into the MPU time stamp        descriptor and transmits the stored MPU time stamp to the        receiving device.

The transmission side (transmitting device) transmits, to the receivingdevice, the information indicating whether the timing of attaching anMPU time stamp is in the region C or in the region D as theidentification information. In other words, the transmission side(transmitting device) transmits, to the receiving device, theidentification information indicating whether the MPU time stamp isgenerated based on the NTP time included in the region C or in theregion D.

The receiving device performs the following processing.

The receiving device corrects an MPU time stamp based on the MPU timestamp and the identification information indicating whether the timingof attaching the MPU time stamp is in the region C or in the region D.

More specifically, the following processing is performed.

1. In the case where the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in (b) in FIG. 85) is included in theregion C and the MPU time stamp (a value of the MPU time stamp beforecorrection) indicates the time 8:59:59 or thereafter, the receivingdevice makes +1 second correction of adding one second to the MPU timestamp value. Note that the time “8:59:59” here is the time obtained bydecreasing one second from the time corresponding to the Japanesestandard time (i.e., the time derived by adding nine hours to the UTCtime scale).

2. In the case where the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in (b) in FIG. 85) is in the region D, thereceiving device does not correct the MPU time stamp. In other words, inthe case where an MPU time stamp is generated based on the NTP timeincluded in the region D, the receiving device does not correct the MPUtime stamp.

The receiving device presents an MPU based on the corresponding MPU timestamp and the corrected MPU time stamp.

With the processing as described above, the receiving device can performa normal presentation using an MPU time stamp stored in an MPU timestamp descriptor, even when a leap second adjustment has been made tothe NTP time.

Note that, even in this case, the transmission side (transmittingdevice) may signal whether the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp isin the region A, B, C, or D so as to notify the reception side of it, asis the case of correcting an MPU time stamp on the transmission sidedescribed in FIG. 84. As to the details of the notification, thedescription shall be omitted as it is the same as described in FIG. 84.

Note that the information indicating whether or not an MPU time stamphas been corrected, as described in FIGS. 84 and 85, and additionalinformation (identification information) such as the informationindicating whether the timing of attaching an MPU time stamp is in theregion A, B, C, or D may be made effective in the case whereleap_indicator of the NTP packet indicates deletion (leap_indicator=2)or insertion (leap_indicator=1) of the leap second. Such information maybe made effective at a predetermined arbitrary time (e.g., three secondsbefore a leap second adjustment) or it may be made effectivedynamically.

Moreover, the timing to end the effective period of the additionalinformation and the timing to end the signaling of the additionalinformation may be adjusted to leap_indicator of the NTP packet.Alternatively, such timings may be made effective at a predeterminedarbitrary time (e.g., three seconds before a leap second adjustment) ormay be made effective dynamically.

Note that the 32-bit time stamp stored in the MMTP packet and the timestamp information included in the TMCC information are also generatedand attached based on the NTP time, which causes the same kind ofmatters as mentioned above. Therefore, also in the case of the 32-bittime stamp and the time stamp information included in the TMCCinformation, a time stamp can be corrected using the same method asdescribed in FIGS. 84 and 85 so that the receiving device can performprocessing based on the time stamps. For example, in the case of storingthe additional information for the 32-bit time stamp stored in an MMTPpacket, an extension area in the MMTP packet header can be used toindicate that the stored information is the additional information. Inthis case, that the stored information is additional information isindicated using an extension type of multi-header type. During the timein which leap_indicator is flagged, that the stored information isadditional information may be indicated using the bits that are part of32-bit or 64-bit time stamp.

Note that in the example in FIG. 84, it is defined that a corrected MPUtime stamp is stored into an MPU time stamp descriptor, however, the MPUtime stamps before and after correction (i.e., the MPU time stamps thathave not been corrected and the MPU time stamps that have beencorrected) may be both transmitted to the receiving device. For example,the MPU time stamp descriptor before correction and the MPU time stampdescriptor after correction may be stored into the same MPU time stampdescriptor or they may be respectively stored into two MPU time stampdescriptors. In this case, whether the MPU time stamp is beforecorrection or after correction may be identified according to an orderof placing the two MPU time stamp descriptors or a description order inthe MPU time stamp descriptor. The MPU time stamp before correction maybe defined to be always stored in an MPU time stamp descriptor, and inthe case of correction, the time stamp after correction may be stored inan MPU extended time stamp descriptor.

Note that, in the present exemplary embodiment, the Japanese standardtime (9 a.m.) is used as an example of the NTP time; however, the timeis not limited to the Japanese one. The leap second adjustment is basedon the UTC time scale and is thus corrected simultaneously at a globallevel. The Japanese standard time is the time that is nine hours inadvance with reference to the UTC time and is indicated by a value (+9)with respect to the UTC time. Thus, the time adjusted to a differenttime due to a time difference may be used depending on a place.

As has been described above, by correcting a time stamp based on theinformation indicating the timing of attaching the time stamp, thetransmission side or the receiving device can perform a normal receptionprocessing using the time stamp.

Note that, in some cases, the receiving device that has continueddecoding since ten minutes before a leap second adjustment may possiblyperform decoding and presentation without using the time stamps. Inother cases, however, the receiving device that has selected a channelimmediately before the leap second adjustment cannot determine a timestamp and thus can present the corresponding MPU only after the leapsecond adjustment is ended. Even in such case, with the use of thecorrection method described in the present exemplary embodiment, thereception processing using the time stamps can be realized and a channelcan be selected even at the time that is immediately before the leapsecond adjustment.

FIG. 86 is a flowchart of the operation performed by the transmissionside (transmitting device) whereas FIG. 87 is a flowchart of theoperation performed by the receiving device, in the case where an MPUtime stamp is corrected by the transmission side (transmitting device),as has been described with reference to FIG. 84.

First, the operation flow on the transmission side (transmitting device)will be described with reference to FIG. 86.

In the case where a leap second insertion or deletion is performed, thetransmission side (transmitting device) determines whether the timing ofattaching an MPU time stamp is in the region A, B, C, or D (S2201). Notethat the case where a leap second insertion or deletion is not performedis not shown in the diagram.

Here, the regions A to D are defined as follows.

Region A: a time up to a time immediately before a leap second insertion(up to the first 8:59:59)

Region B: a time after and including the leap second insertion (afterand including the second 8:59:59)

Region C: a time up to a time immediately before a leap second deletion(up to 9:00:00)

Region D: a time after and including the leap second deletion (after andincluding 9:00:00)

In Step S2201, in the case where it is determined that the timing ofattaching an MPU time stamp is in the region A and the corresponding MPUtime stamp indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter, the transmission side(transmitting device) makes −1 second correction to the MPU time stampand stores the corrected MPU time stamp into the MPU time stampdescriptor (S2202).

Then, the transmission side (transmitting device) signals and transmitsthe correction information indicating that the MPU time stamp has beencorrected, to the receiving device (S2203).

In Step S2201, in the case where it is determined that the timing ofattaching an MPU time stamp is in the region C and the corresponding MPUtime stamp indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter, the transmission side(transmitting device) makes +1 second correction to the MPU time stampand stores the corrected MPU time stamp into the MPU time stampdescriptor (S2205).

In Step S2201, in the case where it is determined that the timing ofattaching an MPU time stamp is in the region B or in the region D, thetransmission side (transmitting device) does not correct but stores theMPU time stamp into the MPU time stamp descriptor (S2204).

Next, the operation flow of the receiving device will be described withreference to FIG. 87.

The receiving device determines whether an MPU time stamp has beencorrected or not based on the information signaled by the transmissionside (S2301). In the case where it is determined that the MPU time stamphas been corrected (Yes in S2301), the receiving device presents thecorresponding MPU based on the MPU time stamp according to the NTP timeafter the leap second adjustment (S2302).

In the case where it is determined that the MPU time stamp has not beencorrected (No in S2301), the receiving device presents the correspondingMPU based on the MPU time stamp according to the NTP time.

Note that in the case where an MPU time stamp is corrected, thereceiving device presents the MPU corresponding to the MPU time stamp inthe section in which a leap second is inserted.

On the contrary, in the case where an MPU time stamp is not corrected,the receiving device presents the MPU corresponding to the MPU timestamp not in the section in which a leap second is inserted but in thesection in which the leap second is not inserted.

FIG. 88 is a flowchart of the operation performed by the transmissionside whereas FIG. 89 is a flowchart of the operation performed by thereceiving device, in the case where an MPU stamp is corrected by thereceiving device, as described with reference to FIG. 85.

First, the operation flow of the transmission side (transmitting device)will be described with reference to FIG. 88.

The transmission side (transmitting device) determines whether a leapsecond adjustment (insertion or deletion) is made based onleap_indicator of the NTP packet (S2401).

In the case where it is determined that a leap second adjustment is made(Yes in S2401), the transmission side (transmitting device) determinesthe timing of the MPU time stamp attachment, signals, and transmits theidentification information to the receiving device (S2402).

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined that a leap secondadjustment is not made (No in S2401), the transmission side(transmitting device) ends the processing as a normal operation.

Next, the operation flow of the receiving device will be described withreference to FIG. 89.

The receiving device determines whether the timing of the MPU time stampattachment is in the region A, B, C, or D based on the identificationinformation signaled by the transmission side (transmitting device)(S2501). Here, the regions A to D are the same as defined above,therefore the description shall be omitted. Note that the case where aleap second insertion or deletion is not performed is not shown in thediagram, as is the case described with reference to FIG. 87.

In Step S2501, in the case where it is determined that the timing ofattaching an MPU time stamp is in the region A and the corresponding MPUtime stamp indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter, the receiving device makes−1 second correction to the MPU time stamp (S2502).

In Step S2501, in the case where it is determined that the timing ofattaching an MPU time stamp is in the region C and the corresponding MPUtime stamp indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter, the receiving device makes+1 second correction to the MPU time stamp (S2504).

In Step S2501, in the case where it is determined that the timing ofattaching an MPU time stamp is in the region B or in the region D, thereceiving device does not correct the corresponding MPU time stamp(S2503).

Furthermore, the receiving device presents the MPU based on thecorrected MPU time stamp in the processing that is not shown in thediagram.

Note that in the case of correcting an MPU time stamp, the receivingdevice presents the MPU corresponding to the MPU time stamp based on theMPU time stamp according to the NTP time after the leap secondadjustment.

On the contrary, in the case of not correcting an MPU time stamp, thereceiving device presents the MPU corresponding to the MPU time stampnot in the section in which a leap second is inserted but in the sectionin which the leap second is not inserted.

In short, the transmission side (transmitting device) determines, foreach of the MPUs, the timing of attaching an MPU time stampcorresponding to each MPU. Then, as a result of the determination, inthe case where the timing is a time up to the time immediately beforethe leap second adjustment and the MPU time stamp indicates 9:00:900 orthereafter, the transmission side (transmitting device) makes −1 secondcorrection to the MPU time stamp. In addition, the transmission side(transmitting device) signals and transmits, to the receiving device,the correction information indicating that the MPU time stamp has beencorrected. As a result of the determination, in the case where thetiming is the time up to the time immediately before the leap seconddeletion and the MPU time stamp indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter, thetransmission side (transmitting device) makes +1 second correction tothe MPU time stamp.

Moreover, the receiving device presents an MPU based on whether or notthe corresponding MPU time stamp has been corrected, which is indicatedin the correction information signaled by the transmission side(transmitting device). In the case where the correction informationindicates that the MPU time stamp has been corrected, the receivingdevice presents the corresponding MPU based on the MPU time stampaccording to the NTP time after the leap second adjustment. In the casewhere the MPU time stamp has not been corrected, the receiving devicepresents the corresponding MPU based on the MPU time stamp according tothe NTP time before the leap second adjustment.

Furthermore, the transmission side (transmitting device) determines, foreach of the MPUs, the timing of the MPU time stamp attachment andsignals. The receiving device performs the following processing based onthe information indicating the timing of the MPU time stamp attachment,which has been signaled by the transmission side. Specifically, in thecase where the information indicating the timing indicates that thetiming is a time up to the time immediately before a leap secondinsertion and the MPU time stamp indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter, thereceiving device makes −1 second correction to the MPU time stamp. Inthe case where the information indicating the timing indicates that thetiming is a time up to the time immediately before a leap seconddeletion and the MPU time stamp indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter, thereceiving device makes +1 second correction to the MPU time stamp.

In the case where an MPU time stamp has been corrected, the receivingdevice presents the corresponding MPU based on the MPU time stampaccording to the NTP time after the leap second adjustment. In the casewhere an MPU time stamp has not been corrected, the receiving devicepresents the corresponding MPU based on the MPU time stamp according tothe NTP time before the leap second adjustment.

Thus, by determining the timing of the MPU time stamp attachment in theleap second adjustment, it becomes possible to correct an MPU timestamp. This enables the receiving device to determine which MPU shouldbe presented and perform an appropriate reception processing using anMPU time stamp descriptor and an MPU extended time stamp descriptor. Inother words, even when a leap second adjustment has been made to the NTPtime, the receiving device can perform a normal MPU presentation usingan MPU time stamp stored in an MPU time stamp descriptor.

[Supplementary Description: Transmitting Device and Receiving Device]

As has been described above, the transmitting device that stores, intoan MPU, data making up an encoded stream and transmits the stored datamay have the configuration as described in FIG. 90. Also, the receivingdevice that receives an MPU in which data making up an encoded stream isstored may have the configuration as described in FIG. 91. FIG. 90 is adiagram showing an example of a specific configuration of thetransmitting device. FIG. 91 is a diagram showing an example of aspecific configuration of the receiving device.

Transmitting device 900 includes generator 901 and transmitter 902. Eachof generator 901 and transmitter 902 is realized by, for instance, amicrocomputer, a processor, a dedicated circuit, or the like.

Receiving device 1000 includes receiver 1001 and reproducer 1002. Eachof receiver 1001 and reproducer 1002 is realized by, for instance, amicrocomputer, a processor, a dedicated circuit, or the like.

Each of the components in transmitting device 900 and receiving device1000 will be explained in detail in the descriptions of transmitting andreceiving methods.

First, the transmitting method will be described with reference to FIG.92. FIG. 92 is a flowchart of the operation performed by thetransmitting device (transmitting method).

First, generator 901 of transmitting device 900 generates presentationtime information (MPU time stamp) indicating a presentation time of anMPU as the first data unit, based on an NTP time serving as thereference time information received from an external source (S2601).

Next, transmitter 902 of transmitting device 900 transmits an MPU, thepresentation time information generated by generator 901, and theidentification information indicating whether or not the presentationtime information (MPU time stamp) is generated based on the NTP timeindicating a time that is before a leap second adjustment (S2602).

This enables the receiving device having received the informationtransmitted from transmitting device 900 to reproduce an MPU based onthe identification information even when a leap second adjustment hasbeen made. Accordingly, the receiving device can reproduce an MPU at anintended time.

Next, the receiving method will be described with reference to FIG. 93.FIG. 93 is a flowchart of the operation performed by the receivingdevice (receiving method).

First, receiver 1001 of receiving device 1000 receives an MPU, thepresentation time information indicating a presentation time of the MPU,and the identification information indicating whether or not thepresentation time information (MPU time stamp) is generated based on theNTP time indicating a time that is before a leap second adjustment(S2701).

Next, reproducer 1002 of receiving device 1000 reproduces the MPUreceived by receiver 1001, based on the presentation time information(MPU time stamp) and the identification information that are received byreceiver 1001 (S2702).

This enables receiving device 1000 to reproduce an MPU at an intendedtime even when a leap second adjustment has been made.

Note that, in the sixth exemplary embodiment, the reproduction is aprocessing that includes at least one of decoding and presentation.

Variation of Sixth Exemplary Embodiment

Next, a concrete example of the method of signaling the additionalinformation (identification information), which has been described withreference to FIGS. 84 and 85 will be described.

Here, the method of signaling the additional information using, incombination, the MPU time stamp descriptor shown in (a) in FIG. 81 andthe MPU extended time stamp descriptor shown in (b) in FIG. 81 will bedescribed.

FIG. 94 is a diagram showing an extension example of an MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor. The field underlined in FIG. 94 is a field to benewly added to the MPU extended time stamp descriptor shown in (b) inFIG. 81.

NTP_leap_indicator in FIG. 94 indicates a flag indicating whether or notto indicate the additional information (identification information)related to the leap second adjustment of the NTP in the MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor as the second control information. When the flagstands, mpu_presentation_time_type in a loupe of each of the MPUs ismade effective.

In the case where the correction of the MPU time stamp as described inFIG. is made by the transmission side (transmitting device),mpu_presentation_time_type in FIG. 94 indicates whether or notmpu_presentation_time of the same sequence number described in the MPUtime stamp descriptor has been corrected. In addition, in the case wherethe correction of the MPU time stamp as described in FIG. 85 is made bythe receiving device, mpu_presentation_time_type indicates whether thetiming of attaching mpu_presentation_time of the same sequence numberdescribed in the MPU time stamp descriptor is in the region A, B, C, orD.

In other words, the identification information, which indicates whetheror not an MPU time stamp is generated based on the time information (NTPtime) indicating a time that is before a leap second adjustment, isstored in an MPU extended time stamp descriptor. The identificationinformation corresponding to each of the MPUs in each loupe of therespective MPUs is stored in the MPU extended time stamp descriptor.

Transmitter 902 of transmitting device 900 transmits, in Step S2602described above, an MPU, the MPU time stamp descriptor serving as thefirst control information, in which the presentation time information(MPU time stamp) generated by generator 901 is stored, and the MPUextended time stamp descriptor serving as the second controlinformation, in which the identification information indicating whetheror not the presentation time information is generated based on the timeinformation (NTP time) indicating a time that is before a leap secondadjustment is stored.

In Step 2701, receiver 1001 of receiving device 1000 receives the MPU,the MPU time stamp descriptor, and the MPU extended time stampdescriptor. Then, reproducer 1002 of receiving device 1000 reproducesthe MPU received by receiver 1001 based on the MPU time stamp descriptorand the MPU extended time stamp descriptor that are received by receiver1001. Thus, by analyzing both the MPU time stamp descriptor and the MPUextended time stamp descriptor, receiving device 1000 can realize thedecoding using the MPU time stamps at the time of the leap secondadjustment. Therefore, even when a leap second adjustment has been made,receiving device 1000 can reproduce an MPU at an intended time.Moreover, because the identification information is stored in an MPUextended time stamp descriptor, it is possible to extend the function tosignal whether or not an MPU time stamp is generated based on the timeinformation (NTP time) indicating a time that is before a leap secondadjustment while keeping the configuration such that the MPU time stampdescriptor complies with the existing standards (MPEG). Thus, the use ofthe conventional configuration can minimize a design change and reducethe cost of manufacturing a transmitting device and a receiving device,even in the case where the signaling function is extended.

Note that the timing of flagging NTP_leap_indicator may be the same asthe timing of flagging leap_indicator in the NTP packet or may be a timein an arbitrary period of time in which leap_indicator is flagged.Namely, NTP_leap_indicator is determined to be a value corresponding tothe value of leap_indicator in the NTP packet which stores the NTP timeserving as a reference for the generation of the MPU time stamp.

Second Variation of Sixth Exemplary Embodiment

Matters for consideration related to a leap second adjustment asdescribed in the present exemplary embodiment are not limited to thecase of using the time based on the NTP time, and the same matters areto be considered even in the case of using the time based on the UTCtime scale.

In the case where a time system is the one based on the UTC time scaleand the presentation time information (MPU time stamp) is generated andattached based on such time system, by using the same methods as thosedescribed so far, the receiving device can correct the presentation timeinformation using the presentation time information and the signalinginformation (additional information and identification information) evenat the time of the leap second adjustment.

For example, in the ARIB STD-B60, when an event message is transferredwith the view to notify the application operated by a receiver of thetime specifying an operation from a broadcast station (timespecification information), an event message descriptor is stored in anMMTP packet and the time at which the event message pops up is indicatedin the event message descriptor. In this case, the data constituting theapplication is stored in an MPU as the first data unit and thentransmitted. Plural methods are provided for specifying the time atwhich an event message pops up and the applied method is indicated bytime_mode. In the case of expressing the time at which an event messagepops up, using the UTC time scale, the identification informationindicating whether the UTC time is the time information attached basedon the time information indicating a time that is before a leap secondadjustment or after a leap second adjustment is signaled. In otherwords, the identification information is the information indicatingwhether or not the presentation time information has been generatedbased on the time information (NTP time) indicating a time that isbefore a leap second adjustment, like the identification informationdescribed in the present exemplary embodiment. It is desirable to storesuch identification information (signaling information) in an eventmessage descriptor. For example, it is possible to signal usingreserved_future_use field of the event message descriptor.

In other words, in Step S2601 described above, generator 901 oftransmitting device 900 generates the time specification informationindicating an operation time of the application, based on the NTP timeas the reference time information received from an external source.Then, in Step S2602, transmitter 902 of transmitting device 900transmits an MPU and the event message descriptor as the controlinformation which includes: the time specification informationindicating the operation time of the application (the time at which anevent message pops up), which has been generated by generator 901; andthe identification information indicating whether or not the timeinformation is the one indicating a time that is before a leap secondadjustment.

Note that it may be defined that the transmission side (transmittingdevice) determines a time period or a program in which a leap secondadjustment is necessary, and uses time_mode that is not associated withthe UTC, prohibiting the use of time_mode expressed by the UTC.

Alternatively, the transmission side (transmitting device) may calculatethe UTC time at which an event message pops up and determine whether ornot the time at which the event message pops up is after a leap secondadjustment. In the case where it is after the leap second adjustment,the transmitting device may calculate the UTC time that is after theleap second adjustment and store it into the event message descriptor.In addition, the transmission side (transmitting device) may separatelysignal whether or not the leap second adjustment has been made to thetime indicated in the presentation time information.

Likewise, a universal time coordinated-normal play time (UTC-NPT)reference descriptor indicates a relationship between the UTC and theNPT using UTC_Reference field and NPT_Reference field. Whether the timeinformation indicated in UTC_Reference field or in NPT_Reference fieldis the time information attached based on the reference time information(NTP time) indicating a time that is before or after a leap secondadjustment is signaled. Namely, the UTC-NPT reference descriptor is thecontrol information which includes the presentation time informationgenerated by generator 901 of transmitting device 900 and theidentification information indicating whether or not the presentationtime information is the time information (NTP time) indicating a timethat is before a leap second adjustment. The identification informationcan be signaled using reserved field in the UTC-NPT referencedescriptor, or the like.

Furthermore, the method for specifying the time to present subtitles orsuperimposed characters, as defined in the ARIB STD-B60 or in the ARIBSTD-B62, is indicated by a TMD (time control mode) in additionalidentification information (Additional_Arib_Subtitle_Info). Theadditional identification information is stored into an asset loupe ofan MPT.

When the TMD (time control mode) is a mode of the time based on the MPUtime stamps or on the normal play time (NPT), the presentation time ofthe subtitles or superimposed characters is indicated in an MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor or in a UTC-NPT reference descriptor. With the useof the signaling information as described above, it is possible for thereceiving device to correct the time information using the timeinformation and the signaling information even at the time of the leapsecond adjustment.

When the TMD indicates ‘0000’ (UTC_TTML description), the presentationtime based on the UTC is indicated in a time code in ARIB-TTMLsubtitles. In this case, whether the UTC time indicated in the time codeis the time information that is attached based on the time informationindicating a time that is before or after a leap second adjustment issignaled. It is desirable that the signaling information transmittedhere is indicated in the ARIB-TTML subtitles.

When the TMD indicates ‘0010’ (UTC_TTML description), the presentationtime is the time based on the UTC indicated in reference start timefield in the additional identification information. In this case, theinformation in the additional identification information is signaled inthe same way as the case where the TMD indicates ‘0000’ (UTC_TTMLdescription). In this case, the transmission side (transmitting device)transmits, as identification information, the information indicatingwhether or not the UTC time is within a time range from a timepreceding, by a predetermined period of time (e.g., 24 hours), a timeimmediately before a leap second adjustment is made (e.g., the time upto 9:00:00) (i.e., at 9:00:00 on the previous day of the day the leapsecond adjustment is made) up to the time immediately before the leapsecond adjustment.

Note that it may be defined that the transmission side (transmittingdevice) determines a time period or a program in which a leap secondadjustment is necessary, and uses the time control mode that is notassociated with the UTC, prohibiting the use of the time control modeexpressed by the UTC.

The same also applies to an MH-Expire descriptor.

Seventh Exemplary Embodiment

The broadcast station facilities in general has plural transmissionsystems and a single system is operated as normal facilities while thesystems other than that are operated as redundant facilities for backup.This allows the switching to the redundant facilities when an erroroccurs in the service provided for the viewers due to the problems inthe transmission facilities or the like. Here, under the MMT/TLV scheme,a phenomenon as described below occurs at the time of switching to theredundant facilities.

1. Adjustment in MPU Sequence Numbers

An adjustment is made in the MPU sequence numbers as a pre-processing ofswitching to the redundant facilities. As shown in FIG. 95, when anadjustment is made in the MPU sequence numbers, a discontinuity occurs,in some cases, in the MPU sequence numbers before and after theadjustment. FIG. 95 shows an example of an overlap of the MPU sequencenumbers.

The access units and the MPU time stamps with respect to the accessunits remain the same even after the adjustment in the MPU sequencenumbers. However, the same MPU sequence numbers are attached todifferent MPUs, and thus, the same MPU sequence numbers are attachedacross two MPUs.

This causes an overlap of the MPU sequence numbers of different MPUssuch that the MPU sequence number stored in the MMTP packet headeroverlaps with the MPU sequence number stored in the MPU time stampdescriptor or in the MPU extended time stamp descriptor. Likewise, anMPU sequence number may be skipped or may return to the previous MPUsequence number in some cases.

2. Discontinuity in Packet Sequence Numbers

Due to the difference in packet sequence numbers or in the numbersindicated by packet counters between the normal facilities and theredundant facilities, the packet sequence numbers or the numbersindicated by the packet counters may become discontinuous, in somecases, when switching from the normal facilities to the redundantfacilities. As shown in FIG. 96, although the packet sequence numbersare consecutive in the normal operation, a packet sequence number may beskipped or may return to the previous one, or the packet sequencenumbers may overlap, in some cases. Note that FIG. 96 is a diagram forexplaining the case where the packet sequence numbers becomediscontinuous at the timing of switching from the normal facilities tothe redundant facilities.

When the MPU sequence numbers or the packet sequence numbers becomediscontinuous as described in 1 or 2 above, the receiving deviceundoubtedly operating based on these sequence numbers might malfunction,which is a matter to be considered.

Note that even when a discontinuity occurs in the MPU sequence numbersor in the packet sequence numbers, the access units and the MPU timestamps with respect to the access units keep continuity and consecutivedata is transmitted to the receiving device.

The following describes the reception processing in the case where adiscontinuity occurs in the MPU sequence numbers or in the packetsequence numbers, as described with reference to FIGS. 95 and 96.

When a discontinuity occurs in the MPU sequence numbers or in the packetsequence numbers, the receiving device which performs processing usingthe MPU sequence numbers or the packet sequence numbers mightmalfunction.

The processing using the MPU sequence numbers is, for example, theprocessing of detecting an MPU boundary by the switching of the MPUsequence numbers in the MMTP packet header.

Another example of the processing using the MPU sequence numbers is thata time stamp with respect to an MPU sequence number is described in anMPU time stamp descriptor or in an MPU extended time stamp descriptor,and the receiving device performs decoding and/or presentation using thetime stamp.

The processing using the packet sequence numbers is, for example, theprocessing of determining as a packet loss when a packet sequence numberis skipped and determining as a switching of the packets when a packetsequence number returns to the previous packet sequence number, usingthe packet sequence numbers in the detection of the packet loss.

In order to prevent the malfunction due to the processing using the MPUsequence numbers or the packet sequence numbers, the receiving devicedetermines that the MPU sequence numbers or the packet sequence numbersare discontinuous, and performs the processing without using the MPUsequence numbers or the packet sequence numbers when determining thatthe numbers are discontinuous.

Here, the following method can be used as a method for determining adiscontinuity in the MPU sequence numbers or in the packet sequencenumbers.

First, one of the determining methods may be signaling the additionalinformation indicating a switching to the redundant facilities. Thisallows the receiving device to perform reception processing withoutusing the MPU sequence numbers or the packet sequence numbers, based onthe additional information.

The methods of signalizing the additional information include a methodof storing the additional information into a control message, adescriptor, a table, MPU metadata, MF metadata, an MMTP packet header,an MMTP packet extension header, or the like, and transmitting thestored information.

Next, the method for detecting a discontinuity by the receiving deviceusing other information will be described.

For example, the methods of indicating an MPU boundary include a methodof detecting a switching of MPU sequence numbers in an MMTP payloadheader and a method using RAP_flag which is a flag indicating whether ornot it is a random access point in an MMTP packet header. Other methodsmay include detecting an MPU boundary by a switching of the packetswhose Sample_number indicates 0 or by a switching of fragment types. AnMPU boundary may also be detected by counting the number of accessunits.

Here, in the case where a switching to the redundant facilities islikely to be performed, an MPU boundary is detected using other methodinstead of using the switching of the MPU sequence numbers. For example,the packet with RAP_flag indicating 1 is determined to be a head packetin an MPU. Here, when the MPU sequence number of the packet that isafter the MPU boundary remains the same as the MPU sequence number ofthe previous packet, it is determined that an overlap of the MPUsequence numbers has occurred in the MMTP packet.

Alternatively, the packet with RAP_flag indicating 1 is determined to bea head packet in an MPU. Here, when the MPU sequence number of thepacket that has been determined as a head packet is skipped or returnsto the MPU sequence number of the previous packet, it is determined thata discontinuity has occurred in the MPU sequence numbers in the MMTPpacket.

Note that in the case where a discontinuity in the MPU sequence numbersin an MMTP payload header always occurs prior to a discontinuity in theMPU sequence numbers or in the packet sequence numbers in an MPU timestamp descriptor or in an MPU extended time stamp descriptor, thereception processing without using the time stamps or the processingwithout using the packet sequence numbers may be performed based on thedetermination results.

Moreover, in the case where a discontinuity in the MPU sequence numbersin an MMTP payload header of a video packet always occurs prior to adiscontinuity in the MPU sequence numbers in the MTTP payload header ofan audio packet or a discontinuity in the MPU sequence numbers or in thepacket sequence numbers in an MPU time stamp descriptor or in an MPUextended time stamp descriptor for the audio, the reception processingwithout using the audio time stamps or the processing without using thepacket sequence numbers may be performed based on the results ofdetecting the discontinuity in the MPU sequence numbers of the videopacket. The detection results may be used to determine a timing to startthe switching to the redundant facilities.

Note that with the use of the method of signaling the additionalinformation indicating the switching to the redundant facilities, thereceiving device may perform the processing without using the MPUsequence numbers or the packet sequence numbers when the additionalinformation indicating the switching to the redundant facilities issignaled.

Note also that with the use of the method of signaling the additionalinformation indicating the switching to the redundant facilities, thereceiving device may perform the detection of the discontinuity in theMPU sequence numbers such as RAP_flag or the like when the additionalinformation indicating the switching to the redundant facilities issignaled.

Here, the determination by the receiving device using the time stampdescriptors will be described. In general, a time stamp with respect toan MPU sequence number is described and is transferred for plural timesin many cases. However, when a time stamp value has been updated inspite that the MPU sequence numbers remain the same, the receivingdevice determines that the MPU sequence numbers have overlapped.

Moreover, in the case where a time stamp value does not correspond toits MPU sequence number such that two or more MPU sequence numbers areupdated although a time stamp value has been updated for the timeequivalent to the presentation of one MPU, the receiving devicedetermines that a discontinuity has occurred in the MPU sequencenumbers.

Note that, at the time of updating an MPU time stamp or an MPU extendedtime stamp, the version in an MP table may not be updated. In addition,version information may be separately defined and the version of thetime stamp information and the version of the information other than thetime stamp information may be separately transmitted. This enables thereduction in the frequency of updating the version of the informationother than the time stamp information and thus realizes the reduction inthe reception processing.

Note that in the case where a discontinuity occurs in the MPU sequencenumbers, the relationship between the MPU time stamp and the time stampinformation is unreliable. Therefore, that the time stamp information isunreliable may be signaled using a descriptor. For example, that thetiming of attaching an MPU time stamp is the timing immediately beforeor after the switching to the redundant facilities and thus the timestamp is unreliable may be signaled using the same field asNTP_leap_indicator or mpu_presentation_time_type as described withreference to FIG. 94. Alternatively, assuming the use of an MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor in combination with an MPU time stamp descriptor,that the time stamp is unreliable may be indicated in the MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor.

With the use of the methods as described above, by determining that adiscontinuity has occurred in the MPU sequence numbers or in the packetsequence numbers, the receiving device can perform the processingwithout using the MPU sequence numbers or the packet sequence numbers.Accordingly, the receiving device can prevent the malfunction insynchronization and reproduction.

An operation flow of the receiving device in the case where adiscontinuity has occurred in the MPU sequence numbers or in the packetsequence numbers, as has been described above, will be explained. FIG.97 is a flowchart of the operation performed by the receiving device inthe case where a discontinuity has occurred in the MPU sequence numbersor in the packet sequence numbers.

The receiving device determines an MPU boundary based on a packet headeror a payload header in an MMTP packet, or the like. More specifically,the receiving device detects an MPU boundary by determining that thepacket with RAP_flag indicating 1 is an MPU head packet. Moreover, thereceiving device determines the MPU sequence number and determineswhether or not the MPU sequence number of the previous packet isincremented by 1 (S2801).

In the case where it is determined that RAP_flag indicates 1 and the MPUsequence number is incremented by 1 (Yes in S2801), the receiving devicedetermines that a discontinuity has not occurred in the MPU sequencenumbers and performs the reception processing using the MPU sequencenumbers (S2803).

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined that RAP_flagindicates 0 or that the MPU sequence number is not incremented by 1 fromthe MPU sequence number of the previous packet even when RAP_flagindicates 1 (No in S2801), the receiving device determines that adiscontinuity has occurred in the MPU sequence numbers and performs thereception processing without using the MPU sequence numbers (S2802).

Eighth Exemplary Embodiment

The sixth exemplary embodiment has mainly described the correction of anMPU time stamp. The following describes a method of correcting, by thereceiving device, a PTS or DTS of each of the AUs included in an MPU. Inother words, the correction method of correcting, by the receivingdevice, a time stamp indicating a PTS or DTS of each of the AUs,excluding a head AU among the AUs included in the MPU, will bedescribed.

FIG. 98 is a diagram for explaining the correction method of correctinga time stamp by the receiving device at the time of leap secondinsertion. FIG. 98 shows the same case as the one illustrated in (a) inFIG. 85.

Here, the following case will be described as an example: the NTP timeof a transmission side synchronizes with an NTP server; and the NTP timeof a reception side synchronizes with the NTP time of the transmissionside through the reproduction based on the time stamp stored in the NTPpacket transferred from the transmission side. In this case, +1 secondadjustment is made to both of the NTP time of the transmission side andthe NTP time of the reception side at the time of leap second insertion.

The NTP time in FIG. 98 shall be commonly used for the NTP time of thetransmission side and the NTP time of the reception side. Note that thedescription is provided under the assumption that no transit delay shalloccur. Although the following describes the correction method ofcorrecting a PTS of an AU in an MPU, a DTS of an AU in an MPU can alsobe corrected using the same method. Note that, although it is describedthat the number of AUs included in one MPU is 5 in FIG. 98, the numbershall not be limited to 5.

As is the same as the transmitting method described with reference to(a) in FIG. 85, an NTP time up to a time immediately before a leapsecond insertion (up to the first 8:59:59) is defined as a region A, andan NTP time after and including the leap second insertion (after andincluding the second 8:59:59) is defined as a region B.

The transmission side (transmitting device) performs the followingprocessing.

-   -   As has been described with reference to FIG. 83 in the sixth        exemplary embodiment, the transmission side (transmitting        device) generates an MPU time stamp which is the presentation        time information (the first time information) of an MPU.    -   The transmission side (transmitting device) does not correct but        stores the generated MPU time stamp in an MPU time stamp        descriptor and transmits it to the receiving device. In other        words, the first time information is time information that is        not corrected by the transmission side transmitting an MPU, when        a leap second adjustment is made. Moreover, the transmission        side (transmitting device) transmits, to the receiving device,        identification information indicating whether a timing at which        an MPU time stamp has been attached is in the region A or in the        region B. More specifically, the transmission side (transmitting        device) transmits an MMTP packet in which plural MPUs are        stored. The MMTP packet includes, as control information: an MPU        time stamp descriptor including an MPU time stamp serving as the        first time information; an MPU extended time stamp descriptor        including relative information serving as the second time        information; and the identification information.

Note that the timing at which an MPU time stamp has been attached isindicated by an arrow in FIG. 98.

The receiving device performs the following processing.

As has been described in the sixth exemplary embodiment, in an MPUextended time stamp descriptor, the second time information forcalculating a PTS or DTS per AU is stored as relative information whichis based on the PTS of the head AU in an MPU stored in an MPU time stampdescriptor. Here, the relative information stored in the MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor is not a value obtained under the condition wherea leap second insertion is taken into consideration.

The receiving device firstly receives the MPU and the MMTP packet thatincludes the first time information, the second time information, andthe identification information, which are transmitted from thetransmission side (transmitting device). Then, the receiving devicecalculates a PTS (DTS) per AU for all the AUs included in the MPU, basedon both the first time information stored in the MPU time stampdescriptor and the second time information stored in the MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor, as shown in “PTS per AU” in FIG. 98.

Next, the receiving device corrects each PTS per AU. An AU to becorrected is an AU which belongs to an MPU whose MPU time stampattachment timing (the timing indicated by an arrow in FIG. 98) is inthe region A, and also, is an AU whose PTS per AU before correctionindicates 9:00:00 or thereafter. In FIG. 98, the AUs to be corrected arethe AUs underlined, that is, AU#5 in MPU#1 and AU#1 to AU#5 in MPU#2.When determining that a current AU to be processed is an AU whose PTS isto be corrected, the receiving device makes −1 second correction to thePTS of the current AU.

Namely, in the correction, the receiving device determines, with respectto each of the AUs, whether or not the following conditions aresatisfied: an MPU time stamp of an MPU storing each AU has beengenerated based on reference time information indicating a time that isbefore a leap second adjustment; and a calculated PTS or DTS of each AUindicates a predetermined time (9:00:00 in the case of leap secondinsertion) or thereafter. Then, in the correction, the receiving devicecorrects the PTS or DTS of the AU that has been determined, in thedetermination, to satisfy the above-described conditions.

The receiving device presents, at the time corresponding to the NTP timebefore a leap second insertion (before the first 8:59:59), the AUs whichbelong to the MPU whose MPU time stamp attachment timing is in theregion A, and whose PTS has not been corrected (the AUs up to AU#4 inMPU#1 in FIG. 98). The receiving device presents the AU whose PTS hasbeen corrected or the subsequent AUs (the AUs after and including AU#5in MPU#1 in FIG. 98) at the time corresponding to the NTP time after theleap second insertion (after the second 8:59:59).

Note that the identification information indicating MPU time stampattachment timing needs to be presented with respect to an MPU thatincludes an AU to be corrected, at least. In other words, it is notnecessarily required to present the identification information withrespect to an MPU that does not include an AU to be corrected.

FIG. 99 is a diagram for explaining a correction method of correcting atime stamp by the receiving device at the time of leap second deletion.FIG. 99 shows the same case as the one illustrated in (b) in FIG. 85.

The following case will be described as an example: the NTP time of atransmission side synchronizes with an NTP server; and the NTP time of areception side synchronizes with the NTP time of the transmission sidethrough the reproduction based on the time stamp stored in the NTPpacket transferred from the transmission side. In this case, −1 secondadjustment is made to both of the NTP time of the transmission side andthe NTP time of the reception side at the time of leap second deletion.

The NTP time in FIG. 99 shall be commonly used for the NTP time of thetransmission side and the NTP time of the reception side. Note that thedescription is provided under the assumption that no transit delay shalloccur. Although the following describes the correction method ofcorrecting a PTS of an AU in an MPU, a DTS of an AU in an MPU can alsobe corrected using the same method. Note that, although it is describedthat the number of AUs included in one MPU is 5 in FIG. 99, the numbershall not be limited to 5.

As is the same as the transmitting method described with reference toFIG. 85, an NTP time up to a time immediately before a leap seconddeletion (up to 8:59:58) is defined as a region C, and an NTP time afterand including the leap second deletion (after and including 9:00:00) isdefined as a region D.

The transmission side (transmitting device) performs the followingprocessing.

As has been described with reference to FIG. 83 in the sixth exemplaryembodiment, the transmission side (transmitting device) generates an MPUtime stamp which is the presentation time information (the first timeinformation) of an MPU.

The transmission side (transmitting device) does not correct but storesthe generated MPU time stamp in an MPU time stamp descriptor andtransmits it to the receiving device. In other words, the first timeinformation is time information that is not corrected by thetransmission side transmitting an MPU, when a leap second adjustment ismade. Moreover, the transmission side (transmitting device) transmits,to the receiving device, the identification information indicatingwhether a timing at which an MPU time stamp has been attached is in theregion C or in the region D. More specifically, the transmission side(transmitting device) transmits an MMTP packet in which plural MPUs arestored. The MMTP packet has the same composition as the one describedwith reference to FIG. 98.

Note that the timing at which an MPU time stamp has been attached isindicated by an arrow in FIG. 99.

The receiving device performs the following processing.

As has been described in the sixth exemplary embodiment, in an MPUextended time stamp descriptor, the second time information forcalculating a PTS or DTS per AU is stored as the relative informationwhich is based on the PTS of the head AU in an MPU stored in an MPU timestamp descriptor. Here, the relative information stored in the MPUextended time stamp descriptor is not a value obtained under thecondition where a leap second insertion is taken into consideration.

The receiving device firstly receives the MPU and the MMTP packet thatincludes the first time information, the second time information, andthe identification information, which are transmitted from thetransmission side (transmitting device). Then, the receiving devicecalculates a PTS (DTS) per AU for all the AUs included in the MPU, basedon both the first time information stored in the MPU time stampdescriptor and the second time information stored in the MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor, as shown in “PTS per AU” in FIG. 99.

Next, the receiving device corrects each PTS per AU. An AU to becorrected is an AU which belongs to an MPU whose MPU time stampattachment timing (the timing indicated by an arrow in FIG. 99) is inthe region C, and also, is an AU whose PTS per AU before correctionindicates 8:59:59 or thereafter. In FIG. 99, the AUs to be corrected arethe AUs underlined, that is, AU#5 in MPU#2 and AU#1 to AU#5 in MPU#3.When determining that a current AU to be processed is an AU whose PTS isto be corrected, the receiving device makes +1 second correction to thePTS of the current AU.

Namely, in the correction, the receiving device determines, with respectto each of the AUs, whether or not the following conditions aresatisfied: an MPU time stamp of an MPU storing each AU has beengenerated based on the reference time information indicating a time thatis before a leap second adjustment; and a calculated PTS or DTS of eachAU indicates a predetermined time (8:59:59 in the case of leap seconddeletion) or thereafter. Then, in the correction, the receiving devicecorrects the PTS or DTS of the AU that has been determined, in thedetermination, to satisfy the above-described conditions.

The receiving device can perform synchronized reproduction of all theAUs based on the corrected PTSs and the NTP time to which a leap seconddeletion has been performed.

Note that the identification information indicating MPU time stampattachment timing needs to be presented with respect to an MPU thatincludes an AU to be corrected, at least. In other words, it is notnecessarily required to present the identification information for anMPU that does not include an AU to be corrected.

FIG. 100 is a flowchart of the operation performed by the receivingdevice, which has been described with reference to FIGS. 98 and 99.

Note that the flowchart of the operation performed by the transmissionside is the same as the one illustrated in FIG. 88, therefore, thedescription shall be omitted.

The receiving device firstly calculates time stamps (PTS and DTS) per AUfor all the AUs, using an MPU time stamp descriptor and an MPU extendedtime stamp descriptor (S2901).

Next, the receiving device determines, for each AU, whether the MPU timestamp attachment timing of an MPU to which each AU belongs is in theregion A, B, C, or D, based on the identification information signaledby the transmission side (S2902). Here, the regions A to D are the sameas those defined above, therefore, the description shall be omitted.Note that the case where a leap second insertion or deletion is notperformed is not shown in the diagram, as is not shown in FIG. 89. Inthe case where it is determined in Step S2902 that the MPU time stamp ofthe MPU to which an AU belongs has been attached based on the NTP timein the region A, the receiving device determines whether or not the timestamp of the AU, which has been calculated in Step S2901, indicates9:00:00 or thereafter (S2903).

In the case where it is determined that the time stamp of the AUindicates 9:00:00 or thereafter (Yes in Step S2903), the receivingdevice makes −1 second correction to the time stamp value of the AU(S2904).

In the case where it is determined in Step S2902 that the MPU time stampof the MPU to which the AU belongs has been attached based on the NTPtime in the region C, the receiving device determines whether or not thetime stamp of the AU, which has been calculated in Step S2901, indicates8:59:59 or thereafter (S2905).

In the case where it is determined that the time stamp of the AUindicates 8:59:59 or thereafter (Yes in Step S2905), the receivingdevice makes +1 second correction to the time stamp value of the AU(S2906).

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined in Step S2902 thatthe MPU time stamp of the MPU to which the AU belongs has been attachedbased on the NTP time in the region B or D, or in the case where it isdetermined in Step 2903 that the time stamp value of the AU does notindicate 9:00:00 or thereafter (No in Step S2903), or in the case whereit is determined in Step S2905 that the time stamp value of the AU doesnot indicate 8:59:59 or thereafter (No in Step S2905), the receivingdevice does not correct the time stamp of the AU (Step S2907) and endsthe operation.

As has been described above, when the first time information indicatingan absolute value of an MPU time stamp and the second time informationindicating a relative value with respect to the absolute value, asrespectively represented by an MPU time stamp descriptor and an MPUextended time stamp descriptor, are respectively transmitted, thetransmission side transfers, together with the absolute value of thetime stamp, the identification information indicating a region in theNTP time based on which the absolute value of the time stamp isattached.

After having calculated the time stamps (PTSs and DTSs) of all the AUsbased on the first time information indicating an absolute value of anMPU time stamp and the second time information indicating a relativevalue, the receiving device corrects a time stamp by determining whetheror not to correct the time stamp based on each time stamp and theidentification information indicating a region in the NTP time based onwhich the MPU time stamp absolute value serving as a reference for thetime stamp is attached.

Additional information such as information indicating whether or not thereceiving device has corrected a time stamp with respect to each AU andinformation indicating whether the MPU time stamp attachment timing ofan MPU to which each AU belongs is in the region A, B, C, or D does notneed to be indicated with respect to all the MPUs, but only needs to beindicated with respect to an MPU that includes an AU to be corrected, atleast.

For example, when a time difference between the time stamp (PTS or DTS)of any AU and the NTP time, based on which the MPU time stamp of the MPUto which the AU belongs has been attached, is N seconds, a period duringwhich an AU to be corrected is present is at least N seconds before aleap second adjustment at the time of leap second insertion or deletion.Therefore, the region A at the time of leap second insertion or theregion C at the time of leap second deletion needs to be a regionindicating a time period that is at least N seconds or longer before theleap second adjustment.

On the contrary, the time period indicating the region A at the time ofleap second insertion or the region C at the time of leap seconddeletion may be defined to be M seconds, and restrictions may be givenso that the time stamps are attached under the condition where N<M isalways satisfied.

In addition, the region B at the time of leap second insertion or theregion D at the time of leap second deletion does not need to be alwayssignaled. Information indicating that the region is shifted from theregion A to the region B may be indicated at the time of leap secondinsertion and information indicating that the region is shifted from theregion C to the region D may be indicated at the time of leap seconddeletion, at least.

To be brief, the receiving device firstly calculates each of the timestamps of all the access units based on the first time information(absolute time information) and the second time information (relativetime information), and corrects the time stamp of each of the accessunits based on the identification information indicating whether or notthe NTP time, based on which the MPU time stamp of the MPU to which eachaccess unit belongs has been calculated, indicates a time that is beforea leap second adjustment. To be more precise, in the case where theidentification information indicates a time within a time range up to atime immediately before a leap second insertion and the time stamp ofthe access unit indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter, the receiving devicemakes −1 second correction to the time stamp. In the case where theidentification information indicates a time within a time range up to atime immediately before a leap second deletion and the time stamp of theaccess unit indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter, the receiving device makes+1 second correction to the time stamp. In the case where the time stampof an access unit has been corrected, the receiving device presents theaccess unit based on the reference time information indicating a timethat is after a leap second adjustment.

Thus, by determining, at the time of leap second adjustment, the MPUtime stamp attachment timing of the MPU to which each access unitbelongs, the time stamps of all the access units can be corrected. Thisenables appropriate reception processing using an MPU time stampdescriptor and an MPU extended time stamp descriptor. In other words,even when a leap second adjustment is made to the reference timeinformation serving as the reference for the reference clocks of thetransmission side and the receiving device, each of the access unitsstored in an MPU can be reproduced at an intended time.

[Supplementary Description: Transmission and Reception System andReceiving Device]

As has been described above, a transmission and reception systemincluding a transmitting device which stores, into an MPU, dataconfiguring an encoded stream and transmits the data stored in the MPU,and a receiving device which receives the transmitted MPU may beconfigured as illustrated in FIG. 101. Moreover, the receiving devicecan be configured as illustrated in FIG. 102. FIG. 101 is a diagramillustrating an example of the specific configuration of thetransmission and reception system. FIG. 102 is a diagram illustrating anexample of the specific configuration of the receiving device.

Transmission and reception system 1100 includes transmitting device 1200and receiving device 1300.

Transmitting device 1200 includes generator 1201 and transmitter 1202.Generator 1201 and transmitter 1202 can be respectively realized, forinstance, by a microcomputer, a processor, a dedicated circuit, or thelike.

Generator 1201 generates the first time information (MPU time stamp)indicating a presentation time of the first data unit (MPU), based onthe reference time information (NTP time) received from an externalsource.

Transmitter 1202 transmits the first data unit (MPU), the first timeinformation (MPU time stamp) generated by generator 1201, the secondtime information (relative information) indicating, together with thefirst time information (MPU time stamp), a presentation time (PTS) ordecoding time (DTS) of each of the second data units (AUs), andidentification information.

Receiving device 1300 includes receiver 1301, calculator 1302, andcorrector 1303. Receiver 1301, calculator 1302, and corrector 1303 canbe respectively realized, for instance, by a microcomputer, a processor,a dedicated circuit, or the like.

Each of the components of receiving device 1300 will be explained indetail in the description of a receiving method.

The receiving method will be described with reference to FIG. 103. FIG.103 is a flowchart of the operation performed by the receiving device(receiving method).

First, receiver 1301 of receiving device 1300 receives the first dataunit (MPU), the first time information (MPU time stamp), the second timeinformation (relative information), and the identification information(S3001).

Next, calculator 1302 of receiving device 1300 calculates thepresentation time (PTS) or decoding time (DTS) of each of the seconddata units (AUs) received by receiver 1301, using the first timeinformation (MPU time stamp) and the second time information (relativeinformation) which are received by receiver 1301.

Next, corrector 1303 of receiving device 1300 corrects the presentationtime (PTS) or decoding time (DTS) of each of the second data units(AUs), which has been calculated by calculator 1302, based on theidentification information received by receiver 1301 (S3003).

Thus, receiving device 1300 can reproduce, in a normal way, the seconddata units stored in the first data unit, even when a leap secondadjustment has been made.

Note that in the eighth exemplary embodiment, the reproduction refers tothe processing that includes at least one of decoding and presentation.

Ninth Exemplary Embodiment

The eighth exemplary embodiment has described the method of correcting,by the receiving device, a PTS or DTS of each of the AUs included in anMPU. However, the ninth exemplary embodiment describes a method ofcorrecting the PTS or DTS also by the transmitting device. In otherwords, the correction method of correcting, also by the transmittingdevice, a time stamp indicating a PTS or DTS of each of the AUs,excluding a head AU among the AUs included in an MPU, will be described.

FIG. 104 is a diagram for explaining the correction method of correctinga time stamp by the transmission side (transmitting device) at the timeof leap second insertion. FIG. 104 shows the same case as the oneillustrated in (a) in FIG. 84.

Here, the following case will be described as an example: the NTP timeof the transmission side synchronizes with an NTP server; and the NTPtime of a reception side synchronizes with the NTP time of thetransmission side through the reproduction based on the time stampstored in the NTP packet transmitted from the transmission side. In thiscase, +1 second adjustment is made to both of the NTP time of thetransmission side and the NTP time of the reception side at the time ofleap second insertion.

The NTP time shown in FIG. 104 shall be commonly used for the NTP timeof the transmission side and the NTP time of the reception side. Notethat the description is provided under the assumption that no transitdelay shall occur. Although the following description provides themethod of correcting a PTS of an AU in an MPU, a DTS of an AU in an MPUcan also be corrected using the same method. Note that, although it isdescribed that the number of AUs included in one MPU is 5 in FIG. 104,the number shall not be limited to 5.

The transmission side (transmitting device) performs the followingprocessing.

1. As has been described with reference to FIG. 83 in the sixthexemplary embodiment, the transmission side (transmitting device)performs the generation processing of generating an MPU time stamp whichis presentation time information (the first time information) of an MPU.

2. In the case where the attachment timing of an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in FIG. 104) is included in the region Aand the MPU time stamp (MPU time stamp value before correction)indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter, the transmission side (transmittingdevice) performs the correction processing of making −1 secondcorrection to the MPU time stamp value and storing the corrected MPUtime stamp into an MPU time stamp descriptor. In other words, in thecase where the MPU time stamp has been generated based on the NTP timeincluded in the region A and the MPU time stamp indicates 9:00:00 orthereafter, the transmission side (transmitting device) makes −1 secondcorrection to the MPU time stamp. Note that the time “9:00:00” here isthe time obtained by adjusting a time which serves as a reference for aleap second adjustment to the Japanese standard time (i.e., the timederived by adding nine hours to the UTC time scale).

In the case where the attachment timing of an MPU time stamp (the timingindicated by an arrow in FIG. 104) is in the region B, the transmissionside (transmitting device) does not correct the MPU time stamp. In otherwords, in the case where the MPU time stamp has been generated based onthe NTP time included in the region B, the transmission side(transmitting device) does not correct the MPU time stamp.

Note that, in an MPU extended time stamp descriptor, the second timeinformation for calculating a PTS or DTS per AU is stored as therelative information which is based on the PTS, which is stored in anMPU time stamp descriptor, of the head AU in an MPU. Here, the relativeinformation stored in the MPU extended time stamp descriptor is not avalue obtained under the condition where a leap second insertion istaken into consideration.

Therefore, in the generation processing described in 1 above, when anMPU time stamp serving as the first time information satisfiescorrection conditions, the transmission side (transmitting device)corrects the MPU time stamp. Accordingly, the first time information istime information targeted for correction when a leap second adjustmentis made. The correction conditions refer to the conditions that an MPUtime stamp has been generated based on the NTP time before a leap secondadjustment and that the MPU time stamp indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter.

3. The transmission side (transmitting device) performs the transmissionprocessing of transmitting, to the receiving device, an MMTP packet inwhich plural MPUs are stored. The MMTP packet includes, as controlinformation, an MPU time stamp descriptor that includes an MPU timestamp serving as the first time information, an MPU extended time stampdescriptor that includes relative information serving as the second timeinformation, and identification information.

Here, the identification information is information for the receivingdevice to identify an MPU that includes an AU whose PTS or DTS requirescorrection by leap second insertion, when the receiving devicecalculates a PTS or DTS per AU in an MPU, using an MPU time stamp andthe relative information, in the case where the MPU time stamp does notsatisfy the correction conditions of MPU time stamp which are related tothe generation processing described in 1 above, and thereby thetransmission side does not correct the MPU time stamp.

In other words, the identification information is information indicatingthat an MPU may include an AU which is presented with a PTS or DTS thatrequires correction due to a leap second adjustment made to thereference clock information, and which is an AU other than a head AU(hereinafter referred to as “correction-requiring AU”). To put itanother way, it can be said that the identification information isinformation indicating whether or not to cause the receiving device todetermine whether or not a correction-requiring AU is included in theMPU.

The identification information is, for example, information indicatingwhether or not an MPU time stamp has been generated based on the NTPtime before a leap second adjustment, in the generation processingdescribed in 1 above, and has not been corrected in the correctionprocessing described in 2 above. Namely, the identification informationincludes the first identification information indicating whether or notan MPU time stamp has been generated based on the NTP time before theleap second adjustment, and the second identification informationindicating that the MPU time stamp has been corrected.

Thus, in the case where the identification information indicates thatthe MPU time stamp has been generated, in the generation processing,based on the NTP time before the leap second adjustment, and has notbeen corrected in the correction processing, the identificationinformation indicates that a correction-requiring AU may be included inthe MPU. On the contrary, in the case where the identificationinformation indicates that an MPU time stamp has not been generated, inthe generation processing, based on the NTP time before the leap secondadjustment, or has been corrected in the correction processing, theidentification information indicates that there is no possibility that acorrection-requiring AU is included in an MPU (i.e., the receivingdevice is not allowed to determine whether or not a correction-requiringAU is included in the MPU).

The processing of the transmission side (transmitting device) will bedescribed in detail with reference to FIG. 104.

In the example shown in FIG. 104, MPU#2 satisfies the correctionconditions in the correction processing described in 2 above, thetransmission side makes −1 second correction to the MPU time stamp ofMPU#2, as indicated with underlines, and does not correct the MPU timestamps of the MPUs other than MPU#2. The MPU time stamp calculated asdescribed above is indicated in an MPU time stamp descriptor whereas anMPU extended time stamp descriptor, which is not shown in the diagram,indicates a PTS (DTS) per AU in an MPU by the relative information whichis based on the MPU time stamp, as has been the conventional way.

Moreover, MPU#1 in FIG. 104 is an MPU that includes acorrection-requiring AU. Here, FIG. 104 shows each PTS per AU which hasbeen calculated based on the MPU time stamp descriptor and the MPUextended time stamp descriptor. Although the PTS of AU#5 in MPU#1 iscalculated as 9:00:00 1, AU#5 is to be actually presented at the second8:59:59 after a leap second insertion and requires −1 second correction.Namely, AU#5 in MPU#1 is a correction-requiring AU.

As has been described above, the transmitting device can determine anMPU which satisfies the following conditions to be an MPU that includesa correction-requiring AU: the attachment timing of an MPU time stamp(the timing indicated by an arrow in FIG. 104) is in the region A; andthe MPU time stamp does not satisfy the correction conditions (i.e. anMPU time stamp before correction indicates a time before 9:00:00 servingas a predetermined time, and at least one or more values of the PTSs(DTSs) of all the AUs in an MPU, which are calculated using the MPU timestamp before correction and the relative information, indicate 9:00:00or thereafter). The transmitting device then signals to the receivingdevice the information indicating that the MPU includes acorrection-requiring AU. It can also be said that such an MPU includesboth an AU to be presented at the first 8:59:59 and an AU to bepresented at the second 8:59:59, in the case where the MPU time stamp isnot corrected.

The receiving device performs the following processing.

1. The receiving device performs the reception processing of receivingthe MMTP packet transmitted from the transmission side (transmittingdevice).

2. The receiving device performs the calculation processing ofcalculating a PTS (DTS) per AU for all the AUs based on the MPU timestamp descriptor and the MPU extended time stamp descriptor included inthe control information of the MMTP packet.

3. The receiving device performs determination processing of determiningwhether or not a correction-requiring AU is included in the MPUindicated in the identification information which has been signaled bythe transmission side (transmitting device) and indicates whether or nota current MPU to be processed is the MPU that may include acorrection-requiring AU. To be more specific, the receiving devicedetermines whether or not an MPU includes a correction-requiring AU bydetermining whether or not a PTS (DTS) of each of the AUs included inthe MPU indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter and determining that the AUwhose PTS (DTS) indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter is acorrection-requiring AU. Then, the receiving device makes −1 secondcorrection to the PTS (DTS) of the correction-requiring AU.

The processing of the receiving device will be described in detail withreference to FIG. 104.

In FIG. 104, since the transmission side signals that MPU#1 may includea correction-requiring AU, AU#5 whose PTS calculated based on the timestamp descriptor indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter is targeted forcorrection in MPU#1 and the receiving device makes −1 second correction.Accordingly, the PTS of AU#5 in MPU#1 becomes 8:59:59.1 after thecorrection.

Note that when the transmission side signals that the MPU may notinclude a correction-requiring AU, the receiving device does not performthe determination processing as described above. Therefore, with respectto the AUs stored in the MPU, the receiving device does not correct thePTSs (DTSs) of the AUs, which are calculated based on the MPU time stampdescriptor and the MPU extended time stamp descriptor. With theprocessing as described above, the PTSs (DTSs) of all the AUs can becalculated.

Note that when presenting or decoding with the use of the time stampsthat have been corrected either by the transmitting device or thereceiving device, based on the information indicating whether or not anMPU time stamp has been corrected on the transmission side or whether ornot a PTS (DTS) has been corrected by the receiving device, thereceiving device performs the presentation or decoding always based onthe NTP time after a leap second insertion (after the second 8:59:59).On the other hand, when performing or decoding with the use of the timestamps before correction, the receiving device performs the presentationor decoding based on the NTP time before the leap second insertion(before the first 8:59:59). In the example shown in FIG. 104, thereceiving device presents the AUs up to AU#4 in MPU#1 based on the NTPtime before the leap second insertion (before the first 8:59:59), andpresents AU#5 in MPU#1 and the subsequent AUs based on the NTP timeafter the leap second insertion (after the second 8:59:59).

Note that, in the present exemplary embodiment, it is described that thetransmission side stores a relative value which is based on an MPU timestamp into an MPU extended time stamp descriptor, without considering aleap second insertion, as has been the conventional way. However, thetransmission side may consider also a correction by a leap secondinsertion and store a relative value with respect to the time stamp ofAU#5 in MPU#1 to which −1 second correction has been made. Here, thetransmission side separately signals that the AU has been corrected andis to be presented or decoded based on the NTP time after the leapsecond insertion (after the second 8:59:59).

The receiving device calculates the PTSs (DTSs) of all the AUs based onan MPU time stamp descriptor and an MPU extended time stamp descriptor.Here, since the relative values have already been corrected, thereceiving device does not need to correct the time stamps of the AUs,and thus can present or decode all the AUs based on the informationindicating whether or not the MPU time stamp has been corrected or theinformation indicating whether or not the PTS or DTS of each of the AUsin an MPU has been corrected.

FIG. 105 is a diagram for explaining the correction method of correctinga time stamp by the transmission side (transmitting device) at the timeof leap second deletion. FIG. 105 shows the same case as illustrated in(b) in FIG. 84.

Here, the following case will be described: the NTP time of thetransmission side synchronizes with an NTP server; and the NTP time of areception side synchronizes with the NTP time of the transmission sidethrough the reproduction based on the time stamp stored in the NTPpacket transmitted from the transmission side. In this case, −1 secondadjustment is made to both the NTP time of the transmission side and theNTP time of the reception side at the time of leap second deletion.

The NTP time shown in FIG. 105 shall be commonly used for the NTP timeof the transmission side and the NTP time of the reception side. Notethat the description is provided under the assumption that no transitdelay shall occur. Although the following describes the method ofcorrecting a PTS of an AU in an MPU, a DTS of the AU in the MPU can becorrected using the same method. Note that, although it is describedthat the number of AUs included in one MPU is 5 in FIG. 104, the numbershall not be limited to 5.

The transmission side (transmitting device) performs the followingprocessing.

1. As has been described with reference to FIG. 83 in the sixthexemplary embodiment, the transmission side (transmitting device)performs the generation processing of generating an MPU time stamp whichis presentation time information (the first time information) of an MPU.

2. In the case where the attachment timing of an MPU time stamp (thetiming indicated by an arrow in FIG. 105) is included in the region Cand the MPU time stamp (MPU time stamp value before correction)indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter, the transmission side (transmittingdevice) performs the correction processing of making +1 secondcorrection to the MPU time stamp value and storing the corrected MPUtime stamp into an MPU time stamp descriptor. In other words, in thecase where the MPU time stamp has been generated based on the NTP timeincluded in the region C and the MPU time stamp indicates 8:59:59 orthereafter, the transmission side (transmitting device) makes +1 secondcorrection to the MPU time stamp. Note that the time “8:59:59” here isthe time obtained by adjusting a time which serves as a reference for aleap second adjustment to the Japanese standard time (i.e., the timederived by adding nine hours to the UTC time scale).

In the case where the attachment timing of an MPU time stamp (the timingindicated by an arrow in FIG. 105) is in the region D, the transmissionside (transmitting device) does not correct the MPU time stamp. In otherwords, in the case where an MPU time stamp has been generated based onthe NTP time included in the region D, the transmission side(transmitting device) does not correct the MPU time stamp.

Note that, in an MPU extended time stamp descriptor, the second timeinformation for calculating a PTS or DTS per AU is stored as therelative information which is based on the PTS, which is stored in anMPU time stamp descriptor, of the head AU in an MPU. Here, the relativeinformation stored in the MPU extended time stamp descriptor is not avalue obtained under the condition where a leap second deletion is takeninto consideration.

Therefore, in the generation processing described in 1 above, when anMPU time stamp serving as the first time information satisfiescorrection conditions, the transmission side (transmitting device)corrects the MPU time stamp. Accordingly, the first time information istime information targeted for correction when a leap second adjustmentis made. The correction conditions refer to the conditions that an MPUtime stamp has been generated based on the NTP time before a leap secondadjustment and that the MPU time stamp indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter.

3. The transmission side (transmitting device) performs the transmissionprocessing of transmitting, to the receiving device, an MMTP packet inwhich plural MPUs are stored. The MMTP packet includes, as controlinformation, an MPU time stamp descriptor that includes an MPU timestamp as the first time information, an MPU extended time stampdescriptor that includes relative information as the second timeinformation, and identification information.

Here, the identification information is information for the receivingdevice to identify an MPU that includes an AU whose PTS or DTS requirescorrection by leap second deletion, when the receiving device calculatesa PTS or DTS per AU in an MPU, using an MPU time stamp and the relativeinformation, in the case where the MPU time stamp does not satisfy thecorrection conditions of MPU time stamp which are related to thegeneration processing described in 1 above, and thereby the transmissionside does not correct the MPU time stamp.

Here, the identification information is the same as the one described inthe case of the leap second insertion, therefore, the description shallbe omitted.

The processing of the transmission side (transmitting device) will bedescribed in detail with reference to FIG. 105.

In the example shown in FIG. 105, MPU#3 satisfies the conditions forcorrecting an MPU time stamp in the correction processing described in 2above, the transmission side makes +1 second correction to the MPU timestamp of MPU#3, as indicated by underlines, and does not correct the MPUtime stamps of the MPUs other than MPU#3. The MPU time stamp calculatedas described above is indicated in an MPU time stamp descriptor whereasan MPU extended time stamp descriptor, which is not shown in thediagram, indicates a PTS (DTS) per AU in an MPU by the relativeinformation which is based on the MPU time stamp, as has been theconventional way.

Moreover, MPU#2 in FIG. 105 is an MPU that includes acorrection-requiring AU.

Here, FIG. 105 shows each PTS per AU which has been calculated based onthe MPU time stamp descriptor and the MPU extended time stampdescriptor. Although the PTS of AU#5 in MPU#2 is calculated as 8:59:591, AU#5 is to be actually presented at 9:00:00 after a leap seconddeletion and requires +1 second correction. Namely, AU#5 in MPU#2 is acorrection-requiring AU.

As has been described above, the transmitting device can determine anMPU which satisfies the following conditions to be an MPU that includesa correction-requiring AU: the attachment timing of an MPU time stamp(the timing indicated by an arrow in FIG. 104) is in the region C; andthe MPU time stamp does not satisfy the correction conditions (i.e. anMPU time stamp before correction indicates a time before 8:59:59 servingas a predetermined time, and at least one or more values of the PTSs(DTSs) of all the AUs in an MPU, which are calculated using the MPU timestamp before correction and the relative information, indicate 8:59:59or thereafter). The transmitting device then signals to the receivingdevice the information indicating that the MPU includes acorrection-requiring AU. It can also be said that in the case where theMPU time stamp is not corrected, this MPU includes both an AU to bepresented at 8:59:58 before a leap second deletion and an AU to bepresented at 9:00:00 after the leap second deletion.

The receiving device performs the following processing.

1. The receiving device performs the reception processing of receivingthe MMTP packet transmitted from the transmission side (transmittingdevice).

2. The receiving device performs the calculation processing ofcalculating a PTS (DTS) per AU for all the AUs based on the MPU timestamp descriptor and the MPU extended time stamp descriptor included inthe control information of the MMTP packet.

3. The receiving device performs determination processing of determiningwhether or not a correction-requiring AU is included in the MPUindicated in the identification information which has been signaled bythe transmission side (transmitting device) and indicates whether or nota current MPU to be processed is an MPU that may include acorrection-requiring AU. To be more specific, the receiving devicedetermines whether or not an MPU includes a correction-requiring AU bydetermining whether or not a PTS (DTS) of each of the AUs included inthe MPU indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter and determining that the AUwhose PTS (DTS) indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter is acorrection-requiring AU. Then, the receiving device makes +1 secondcorrection to the PTS (DTS) of the correction-requiring AU.

In FIG. 105, since the transmission side signals that MPU#2 may includea correction-requiring AU, AU#5 whose PTS calculated based on the timestamp descriptor indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter is targeted forcorrection in MPU#2, and the receiving device makes +1 secondcorrection. Accordingly, the PTS of AU#5 in MPU#2 becomes 9:00:00.1after the correction.

Note that when the transmission side signals that the MPU may notinclude a correction-requiring AU, the receiving device does not performthe determination processing as described above. Therefore, with respectto the AUs stored in the MPU, the receiving device does not correct thePTSs (DTSs) of the AUs, which are calculated based on the MPU time stampdescriptor and the MPU extended time stamp descriptor. With theprocessing as described above, the PTSs (DTSs) of all the AUs can becalculated.

Note that the receiving device can perform presentation or decodingusing the corrected PTSs (DTSs).

Note that, in the present exemplary embodiment, it is described that thetransmission side stores a relative value which is based on an MPU timestamp into an MPU extended time stamp descriptor, without considering aleap second deletion, as has been the conventional way. However, thetransmission side may consider also a correction by a leap seconddeletion and store a relative value with respect to the time stamp ofAU#5 in MPU#1 to which +1 second correction has been made.

The receiving device calculates the PTSs (DTSs) of all the AUs based onthe MPU time stamp descriptor and the MPU extended time stampdescriptor. Here, since relative values have already been corrected, thereceiving device does not need to correct the time stamps of the AUs,and thus can present or decode all the AUs.

Note that the transmission side (transmitting device) may select acorrection method among the correction methods used in the case of aleap second insertion or deletion which have been described so far. Whenselecting a correction method, the transmission side (transmittingdevice) signals, to the receiving device, which method is used forcorrection. The receiving device can switch between a correction and apresentation or decoding operation, based on the signaled information.

FIG. 106 is a flowchart of the operation performed by the transmittingdevice, which has been described with reference to FIG. 104. FIG. 107 isa flowchart of the operation performed by the receiving device, whichhas been described with reference to FIG. 104.

In FIG. 106, the transmitting device determines whether the timing ofthe MPU time stamp attachment is in the region A or in the region B(S3101). Here, the regions A and B are the same as those defined above,therefore, the description shall be omitted. Note that the case where aleap second insertion is not performed is not shown in the diagram, asis not shown in FIG. 89.

In the case where it is determined that the timing is in the region B inStep S3101, the transmitting device does not correct the MPU time stamp(S3102) and ends the processing.

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined in Step S3101 thatthe timing is in the region A, the transmitting device determineswhether or not the MPU time stamp indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter(S3103).

In the case where it is determined that the MPU time stamp indicates9:00:00 or thereafter (Yes in Step S3103), the transmitting device makes−1 second correction to the MPU time stamp, then signals to thereceiving device that the MPU time stamp has been corrected (S3104), andends the processing.

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined that the MPU timestamp does not indicate 9:00:00 or thereafter (No in Step S3103), thetransmitting device calculates the time stamps (PTSs and DTSs) of allthe AUs included in the MPU, using the MPU time stamp descriptor and theMPU extended time stamp descriptor (S3105).

Next, the transmitting device determines whether or not an AU whosecalculated time stamp indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter is included in theMPU (S3106).

In the case where it is determined that the AU whose calculated timestamp indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter is included in the MPU (Yes inS3106), the transmitting device signals to the receiving device that thecorrection of the time stamp of the AU in the MPU by the receivingdevice is necessary (S3107).

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined that the AU whosecalculated time stamp indicates 9:00:00 or thereafter is not included inthe MPU (No in S3106), the transmitting device ends the processing.

In FIG. 107, the receiving device calculates the time stamps of all theAUs, using the MPU time stamp descriptor and the MPU extended time stampdescriptor (S3201).

Next, the receiving device determines whether or not the correction ofthe time stamp of the AU in the MPU is necessary, based on theidentification information that has been signaled (S3202).

In the case where it is determined that the correction of the time stampof the AU in the MPU is necessary (Yes in Step S3202), the receivingdevice makes −1 second correction to the time stamp of the AU whichindicates 9:00:00 or thereafter (S3205).

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined that the correctionof the time stamp of the AU in the MPU is not necessary (No in StepS3202), the receiving device determines whether or not the MPU timestamp has been corrected, based on the identification information thathas been signaled (S3203).

In the case where it is determined that the MPU time stamp has not beencorrected (No in Step S3203), the receiving device presents the AU ofthe time stamp indicating a time that is before a time indicated by thetime stamp to be corrected, based on the NTP time before a leap secondinsertion, and presents the AU of the time stamp indicating a time thatis after the time indicated by the time stamp to be corrected, based onthe NTP time after the leap second insertion (S3204).

After Step S3205 or in the case where it is determined in Step S3203that the time stamp has been corrected (Yes in Step S3203), thereceiving device presents the AU based on the NTP time after the leapsecond insertion (S3206).

FIG. 108 is a flowchart of the operation performed by the transmittingdevice, which has been described with reference to FIG. 105. FIG. 109 isa flowchart of the operation performed by the receiving device, whichhas been described with reference to FIG. 105.

In FIG. 108, the transmitting device determines whether the timing ofthe MPU time stamp attachment is in the region C or in the region D(S3301). Here, the regions C and D are the same as those defined above,therefore, the description shall be omitted. Note that the case where aleap second deletion is not performed is not shown in the diagram, as isnot shown in FIG. 89.

In the case where it is determined that the timing is in the region D inStep S3301, the transmitting device does not correct the MPU time stamp(S3302) and ends the processing.

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined that the timing isin the region C in Step S3301, the transmitting device determineswhether or not the MPU time stamp indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter(S3303).

In the case where it is determined that the MPU time stamp indicates8:59:59 or thereafter (Yes in Step S3303), the transmitting device makes+1 second correction to the MPU time stamp (S3304) and ends theprocessing.

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined that the MPU timestamp does not indicate 8:59:59: or thereafter (No in Step S3303), thetransmitting device calculates the time stamps (PTSs and DTSs) of allthe AUs included in the MPU, using the MPU time stamp descriptor and theMPU extended time stamp descriptor (S3305).

Next, the transmitting device determines whether or not an AU whosecalculated time stamp indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter is included in theMPU (S3306).

In the case where it is determined that the AU whose calculated timestamp indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter is included in the MPU (Yes inS3306), the transmitting device signals to the receiving device that thecorrection of the time stamp of the AU in the MPU by the receivingdevice is necessary (S3307).

On the contrary, in the case where it is determined that the AU whosecalculated time stamp indicates 8:59:59 or thereafter is not included inthe MPU (No in S3306), the transmitting device ends the processing.

In FIG. 109, the receiving device calculates the time stamps of all theAUs, using the MPU time stamp descriptor and the MPU extended time stampdescriptor (S3401).

Next, the receiving device determines whether or not the correction ofthe time stamp of the AU in the MPU is necessary, based on theidentification information that has been signaled (S3402).

In the case where it is determined that the correction of the time stampof the AU in the MPU is necessary (Yes in Step S3402), the receivingdevice makes +1 second correction to the time stamp of the AU, whichindicates 8:59:59 or thereafter (S3403).

After Step S3403 or in the case where it is determined in Step S3402that the correction of the time stamp of the AU in the MPU is notnecessary (No in Step S3402), the receiving device presents the AU basedon the NTP time.

According to this, the transmitting device transmits the following: (i)an MPU; (ii) an MPU time stamp; and (iii) identification informationindicating that the first data unit may include the second data unitwhich is: the second data unit presented at a presentation time thatrequires correction or decoded at a decoding time that requirescorrection; and the second data unit other than the second data unitpositioned at a head in the presentation order of presenting the seconddata units. Thus, even in the case where a leap second adjustment ismade to the reference time information serving as the reference for thereference clocks of the transmission side and the receiving device, thereceiving device can reproduce, at an intended time, the second dataunits stored in the first data unit.

[Supplementary Description: Transmitting Device and Receiving Device]

As has been described above, a transmitting device which stores, into anMPU, data configuring an encoded stream, and transmits the data storedin the MPU may be configured as illustrated in FIG. 110. Moreover, areceiving device which receives an MPU storing data configuring anencoded stream can be configured as illustrated in FIG. 111. FIG. 110 isa diagram illustrating an example of the specific configuration of thetransmitting device. FIG. 111 is a diagram illustrating an example ofthe specific configuration of the receiving device.

Transmitting device 1400 includes generator 1401 and transmitter 1402.Generator 1401 and transmitter 1402 can be respectively realized, forinstance, by a microcomputer, a processor, a dedicated circuit, or thelike.

Receiving device 1500 includes receiver 1501 and determiner 1502.Receiver 1501 and determiner 1502 can be respectively realized, forinstance, by a microcomputer, a processor, a dedicated circuit, or thelike.

Each of the components of transmitting device 1400 and receiving device1500 will be explained in detail in the description of a transmittingmethod and a receiving method, respectively.

First, the transmitting method will be described with reference to FIG.112. FIG. 112 is a flowchart of the operation performed by thetransmitting device (transmitting method).

First, generator 1401 of transmitting device 1400 generates the firsttime information indicating a presentation time of an MPU serving as thefirst data unit, based on the reference time information received froman external source (S3501).

Next, transmitter 1402 of transmitting device 1400 transmits the firstdata unit (MPU) and the first time information (MPU time stamp), andidentification information (S3502). Here, the first time information(MPU time stamp) is information generated by generator 1401. Moreover,the identification information is information indicating that the firstdata unit may include at least one other second data unit (access unit)which is: the second data unit (access unit) presented at a presentationtime (PTS) that requires correction or decoded at a decoding time (DTS)that requires correction; and the second data unit (access unit) otherthan the second data unit (access unit) positioned at a head in thepresentation order of presenting the second data units (access units).

Accordingly, even in the case where a leap second adjustment has beenmade, the receiving device having received the information transmittedfrom transmitting device 1400 can reproduce the AUs in an MPU based onthe identification information and can thereby reproduce each of the AUsin the MPU at an intended time.

Next, the receiving method will be described with reference to FIG. 113.FIG. 113 is a flowchart of the operation performed by the receivingdevice (receiving method).

First, receiver 1501 of receiving device 1500 receives the first dataunit (MPU), the first time information (MPU time stamp), andidentification information (S3601). The first time information and theidentification information are the same as those illustrated in thedescription of the operation of transmitting device 1400.

Next, determiner 1502 of receiving device 1500 determines whether or notat least one other second data unit (access unit) is included in thefirst data unit (MPU) indicated in the identification information whichis received by receiver 1501 and indicates that this first data unit(access unit) may include the at least one other second data unit(S3602).

Accordingly, even when a leap second adjustment has been made, receivingdevice 1500 can reproduce each of the AUs in the MPU at an intendedtime.

Other Exemplary Embodiments

A transmitting device, a receiving device, a transmitting method and areceiving method according to the exemplary embodiments have beendescribed above. However, the present disclosure is not limited to theseexemplary embodiments.

Further, each processor included in the transmitting device and thereceiving device according to the exemplary embodiment is typicallyrealized as an LSI which is an integrated circuit including an inputterminal and an output terminal. These circuits may be individuallyrealized as one chip or may be realized as one chip including part orall of the circuits.

Further, each processor to be realized as an integrated circuit havingboth an input terminal and an output terminal is not limited to an LSI,and each processor may be realized as a dedicated circuit or ageneral-purpose processor. An FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) whichcan be programmed after an LSI is manufactured or a reconfigurableprocessor which can reconfigure connection or a setting of circuit cellsinside the LSI may be used.

In each of the above exemplary embodiments, each component may beconfigured by dedicated hardware or may be realized by executing asoftware program suitable to each component. Each component may berealized by causing a program executing unit such as a CPU or aprocessor to read a software program recorded on a recording medium suchas a hard disk or a semiconductor memory and execute the softwareprogram.

In other words, the transmitting device and the receiving device eachinclude a processing circuit (processing circuitry), and a storagedevice (step storage) which is electrically connected to the processingcircuit (is accessible from the control circuit). The processing circuitincludes at least one of dedicated hardware and the program executingunit. Further, when the processing circuit includes the programexecuting unit, the storage device stores a software program which isexecuted by the program executing unit. The processing circuit executesthe transmitting method and the receiving method according to theexemplary embodiments by using the storage device.

Further, the present disclosure may be a software program or may be anon-transitory computer-readable recording medium on which the programis recorded. Furthermore, naturally, the program can be distributed viaa transmission medium such as the Internet.

Still further, all numbers used above are exemplary numbers tospecifically describe the present disclosure, and the present disclosureis not limited to the illustrated numbers.

Moreover, division of a functional block in each block diagram is anexample, and a plurality of functional blocks may be realized as onefunctional block, one functional block may be divided into a pluralityof functional blocks or part of functions may be transferred to otherfunctional blocks. Besides, single hardware or software may processfunctions of a plurality of functional blocks including similarfunctions in parallel or by way of time division.

Further, an order to execute the steps included in the abovetransmitting method or receiving method is an exemplary order forspecifically describing the present disclosure, and may be other thanthe above order. Furthermore, part of the above steps may be executed atthe same time as those of (in parallel to) other steps.

Thus, the transmitting device, the receiving device, the transmittingmethod, and the receiving method according to one or more aspects of thepresent disclosure have been described above based on the exemplaryembodiments. However, the present disclosure is not limited to theseexemplary embodiments. The present exemplary embodiments to whichvarious modifications conceivable by a person skilled in the art aremade and aspects of the present disclosure that are made by combiningelements of different exemplary embodiments may also be included withinthe scope of the one or more aspects as long as such aspects do notdepart from the gist of the present disclosure.

The various exemplary embodiments according to the present disclosureinclude the following.

The receiving method according to the first disclosure is a receivingmethod of receiving a first data unit in which data making up an encodedstream is stored, the first data unit storing a plurality of second dataunits, the receiving method comprising: receiving the first data unit,first time information indicating a presentation time of the first dataunit, second time information indicating, together with the first timeinformation, a presentation time or a decoding time of each of theplurality of second data units, and identification information;calculating the presentation time or the decoding time of each of theplurality of second data units received, using the first timeinformation and the second time information that are received; andcorrecting the calculated presentation time or the calculated decodingtime of each of the plurality of second data units, based on thereceived identification information.

The receiving method according to the second disclosure is the receivingmethod according to the above-described first disclosure, and the firsttime information is absolute time information indicating a presentationtime of a second data unit positioned at a head in a presentation orderof presenting the plurality of second data units.

The receiving method according to the third disclosure is the receivingmethod according to the above-described second disclosure, and the firsttime information is time information which is not corrected by atransmission side transmitting the first data unit, when a leap secondadjustment is made.

The receiving method according to the fourth disclosure is the receivingmethod according to the above-described second or third disclosure, andthe second time information is relative time information used togetherwith the first time information for calculating the presentation time orthe decoding time of each of the plurality of second data units.

The receiving method according to the fifth disclosure is the receivingmethod according to any one of the above-described first to fourthdisclosures. The identification information indicates whether or not thefirst time information has been generated based on reference timeinformation indicating a time that is before a leap second adjustment.The correcting includes: determining whether or not each of theplurality of second data units satisfies a correction conditionincluding (i) the first time information of the first data unit storingeach of the plurality of second data units has been generated based onthe reference time information indicating the time that is before theleap second adjustment, and (ii) the calculated presentation time or thecalculated decoding time of each of the plurality of second data unitsindicates a predetermined time or later; and correcting the presentationtime or the decoding time of the second data unit determined, in thedetermining, to satisfy the correction condition.

The receiving method according to the sixth disclosure is the receivingmethod according to the above-described fifth disclosure, and thereference time information complies with a network time protocol (NTP).

The receiving method according to the seventh disclosure is thereceiving method according to the above-described fifth or sixthdisclosure, and the identification information indicates whether or notthe first time information has been generated based on the referencetime information indicating a time within a time range from a timepreceding, by a predetermined period of time, a time immediately beforea leap second adjustment up to the time immediately before the leapsecond adjustment.

The receiving method according to the eighth disclosure is the receivingmethod according to any one of the above-described first to seventhdisclosures, and the receiving includes receiving a predetermined packetin which control information and a plurality of the first data units arestored, the control information including the first time informationcorresponding to each of the plurality of the first data units.

The receiving method according to the ninth disclosure is the receivingmethod according to the above-described eighth disclosure. The receivingincludes receiving an MPEG media transport protocol (MMTP) packetserving as the predetermined packet, which stores a plurality of mediapresentation units (MPUs) serving as the first data units. The MMTPpacket includes, as the control information, an MPU time stampdescriptor including the first time information, an MPU extended timestamp descriptor including the second time information, and theidentification information. The MPU stores a plurality of access unitsserving as the plurality of second data units.

The receiving device according to the tenth disclosure is a receivingdevice which receives a first data unit in which data making up anencoded stream is stored, the first data unit storing a plurality ofsecond data units. The receiving device includes: a receiver whichreceives the first data unit, first time information indicating apresentation time of the first data unit, second time informationindicating, together with the first time information, a presentationtime or a decoding time of each of the plurality of second data units,and identification information; a calculator which calculates thepresentation time or the decoding time of each of the plurality ofsecond data units received by the receiver, using the first timeinformation and the second time information that are received by thereceiver; and a corrector which corrects the presentation time or thedecoding time of each of the plurality of second data units, which iscalculated by the calculator, based on the identification informationreceived by the receiver.

The transmission and reception system according to the eleventhdisclosure is a transmission and reception system including: atransmitting device which transmits a first data unit in which datamaking up an encoded stream is stored; and a receiving device whichreceives the transmitted first data unit. The first data unit stores aplurality of second data units. The transmitting device includes: agenerator which generates first time information indicating apresentation time of the first data unit, based on reference timeinformation received from an external source; and a transmitter whichtransmits the first data unit, the first time information generated bythe generator, second time information indicating, together with thefirst time information, a presentation time or a decoding time of eachof the plurality of second data units, and identification information.The receiving device includes: a receiver which receives the first dataunit, the first time information, the second time information, and theidentification information; a calculator which calculates thepresentation time or the decoding time of each of the plurality ofsecond data units received by the receiver, using the first timeinformation and the second time information that are received by thereceiver; and a corrector which corrects the presentation time or thedecoding time of each of the plurality of second data units, which iscalculated by the calculator, based on the identification informationreceived by the receiver.

The transmitting method according to the twelfth disclosure is atransmitting method of transmitting a first data unit in which datamaking up an encoded stream is stored, and the first data unit stores aplurality of second data units. The transmitting method includes:generating first time information indicating a presentation time of thefirst data unit, based on reference time information received from anexternal source; transmitting (i) the first data unit, (ii) thegenerated first time information, and (iii) identification informationindicating that at least one other second data unit may be included inthe first data unit. Each of the at least one other second data unit is:a second data unit which is presented at a presentation time thatrequires correction or decoded at a decoding time that requirescorrection; and a second data unit other than a second data unitpositioned at a head in a presentation order of presenting the pluralityof second data units.

The transmitting method according to the thirteenth disclosure is thetransmitting method according to the above-described twelfth disclosure.The transmitting further includes transmitting second time informationwhich is relative time information used together with the first timeinformation for calculating a presentation time or a decoding time ofeach of the plurality of second data units.

The transmitting method according to the fourteenth disclosure is thetransmitting method according to the above-described thirteenthdisclosure, and the first time information is time information targetedfor correction when a leap second adjustment is made.

The transmitting method according to the fifteenth disclosure is thetransmitting method according to the above-described thirteenth orfourteenth disclosure. When the first time information satisfies acorrection condition, the first time information is corrected, and thetransmitting includes transmitting, as the identification information,information indicating whether or not the first time information isinformation (i) which has been generated, in the generating, based onthe reference time information indicating a time that is before a leapsecond adjustment, and (ii) which has not been corrected in thecorrecting. When the identification information indicates that the firsttime information has been generated, in the generating, based on thereference time information indicating a time that is before a leapsecond adjustment, and has not been corrected in the correcting, theidentification information indicates that the at least one other seconddata unit may be included in the first data unit.

The transmitting method according to the sixteenth disclosure is thetransmitting method according to the above-described fifteenthdisclosure. The correction condition is that the first time informationhas been generated based on the reference time information indicating atime that is before a leap second adjustment, and that the first timeinformation indicates a predetermined time or later.

The transmitting method according to the seventeenth disclosure is thetransmitting method according to the above-described fifteenth orsixteenth disclosure. The identification information includes: firstidentification information indicating whether or not the first timeinformation has been generated based on the reference time informationindicating a time that is before a leap second adjustment; and secondidentification information indicating whether or not the first timeinformation has been corrected.

The transmitting method according to the eighteenth disclosure is thetransmitting method according to the above-described seventeenthdisclosure. The first identification information indicates that thefirst time information has been generated based on the reference timeinformation indicating a time within a time range from a time preceding,by a predetermined period of time, a time immediately before a leapsecond adjustment up to the time immediately before the leap secondadjustment.

The transmitting method according to the nineteenth disclosure is thetransmitting method according to any one of the above-describedthirteenth to eighteenth disclosures. The first time information isabsolute time information indicating a presentation time of a seconddata unit positioned at a head in a presentation order of presenting theplurality of second data units.

The transmitting method according to the twentieth disclosure is thetransmitting method according to any one of the above-describedthirteenth to nineteenth disclosures. The transmitting includestransmitting a predetermined packet storing control information and aplurality of the first data units, and the control information includesthe first time information corresponding to each of the plurality of thefirst data units.

The transmitting method according to the twenty-first disclosure is thetransmitting method according to the above-described twentiethdisclosure. The transmitting includes transmitting an MPEG mediatransport protocol (MMTP) packet serving as the predetermined packet,which stores a plurality of media presentation units (MPUs) serving asthe first data units. The MMTP packet includes, as the controlinformation, an MPU time stamp descriptor including the first timeinformation and an MPU extended time stamp descriptor including thesecond time information. The MPU stores a plurality of access unitsserving as the plurality of second data units.

The transmitting method according to the twenty-second disclosure is thetransmitting method according to any one of the above-described twelfthto twenty-first disclosures. The reference time information may complywith a network time protocol (NTP).

The receiving method according to the twenty-third disclosure is areceiving method used by a receiving device which receives a first dataunit in which data making up an encoded stream is stored, and the firstdata unit stores a plurality of second data units. The receiving methodincludes: receiving (i) the first data unit, (ii) first time informationindicating a presentation time of the first data unit, and (iii)identification information indicating that at least one other seconddata unit may be included in the first data unit; and determiningwhether or not the at least one other second data unit is included inthe first data unit indicated by the received identification informationindicating that the at least one other second data unit may be includedin the first data unit. Each of the at least one other second data unitis: a second data unit which is presented at a presentation time thatrequires correction or decoded at a decoding time that requirescorrection; and a second data unit other than a second data unitpositioned at a head in a presentation order of presenting the pluralityof second data units.

The transmitting device according to the twenty-fourth disclosure is atransmitting device which transmits a first data unit in which datamaking up an encoded stream is stored, and the first data unit stores aplurality of second data units. The transmitting device includes: agenerator which generates first time information indicating apresentation time of the first data unit, based on reference timeinformation received from an external source; and a transmitter whichtransmits (i) the first data unit, (ii) the generated first timeinformation, and (iii) identification information indicating that atleast one other second data unit may be included in the first data unit.Each of the at least one other second data unit is: a second data unitwhich is presented at a presentation time that requires correction orwhich is decoded at a decoding time that requires correction; and asecond data unit other than a second data unit positioned at a head in apresentation order of presenting the plurality of second data units.

The receiving device according to the twenty-fifth disclosure is areceiving device which receives a first data unit in which data makingup an encoded stream is stored, and the first data unit stores aplurality of second data units. The receiving device includes: areceiver which receives (i) the first data unit, (ii) first timeinformation indicating a presentation time of the first data unit, and(iii) identification information indicating that at least one othersecond data unit may be included in the first data unit; and adeterminer which determines whether or not the at least one other seconddata unit is included in the first data unit indicated by the receivedidentification information indicating that the at least one other seconddata unit may be included in the first data unit. Each of the at leastone other second data unit is: a second data unit which is presented ata presentation time that requires correction or which is decoded at adecoding time that requires correction; and a second data unit otherthan a second data unit positioned at a head in a presentation order ofpresenting the plurality of second data units.

Although only some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure havebeen described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readilyappreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplaryembodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings andadvantages of the present disclosure. Accordingly, all suchmodifications are intended to be included within the scope of thepresent disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A receiving method of receiving a first data unitin which data making up an encoded stream is stored, the first data unitstoring a plurality of second data units, the receiving methodcomprising: receiving the first data unit, first time informationindicating a presentation time of the first data unit, second timeinformation indicating, together with the first time information, apresentation time or a decoding time of each of the plurality of seconddata units, and identification information; calculating the presentationtime or the decoding time of each of the plurality of second data unitsreceived, using the first time information and the second timeinformation that are received; and correcting the calculatedpresentation time or the calculated decoding time of each of theplurality of second data units, based on the received identificationinformation.
 2. The receiving method according to claim 1, wherein thefirst time information is absolute time information indicating apresentation time of a second data unit positioned at a head in apresentation order of presenting the plurality of second data units. 3.The receiving method according to claim 2, wherein the first timeinformation is time information which is not corrected by a transmissionside transmitting the first data unit, when a leap second adjustment ismade.
 4. The receiving method according to claim 2, wherein the secondtime information is relative time information used together with thefirst time information for calculating the presentation time or thedecoding time of each of the plurality of second data units.
 5. Thereceiving method according to claim 1, wherein the identificationinformation indicates whether or not the first time information has beengenerated based on reference time information indicating a time that isbefore a leap second adjustment, and the correcting includes:determining whether or not each of the plurality of second data unitssatisfies a correction condition including (i) the first timeinformation of the first data unit storing each of the plurality ofsecond data units has been generated based on the reference timeinformation indicating the time that is before the leap secondadjustment, and (ii) the calculated presentation time or the calculateddecoding time of each of the plurality of second data units indicates apredetermined time or later; and correcting the presentation time or thedecoding time of the second data unit determined, in the determining, tosatisfy the correction condition.
 6. The receiving method according toclaim 5, wherein the reference time information complies with a networktime protocol (NTP).
 7. The receiving method according to claim 5,wherein the identification information indicates whether or not thefirst time information has been generated based on the reference timeinformation indicating a time within a time range from a time preceding,by a predetermined period of time, a time immediately before a leapsecond adjustment up to the time immediately before the leap secondadjustment.
 8. The receiving method according to claim 1, wherein thereceiving includes receiving a predetermined packet in which controlinformation and a plurality of the first data units are stored, thecontrol information including the first time information correspondingto each of the plurality of the first data units.
 9. The receivingmethod according to claim 8, wherein the receiving includes receiving anMPEG media transport protocol (MMTP) packet serving as the predeterminedpacket, which stores a plurality of media presentation units (MPUs)serving as the first data units, the MMTP packet includes, as thecontrol information, an MPU time stamp descriptor including the firsttime information, an MPU extended time stamp descriptor including thesecond time information, and the identification information, and the MPUstores a plurality of access units serving as the plurality of seconddata units.
 10. A receiving device which receives a first data unit inwhich data making up an encoded stream is stored, the first data unitstoring a plurality of second data units, the receiving devicecomprising: a receiver which receives the first data unit, first timeinformation indicating a presentation time of the first data unit,second time information indicating, together with the first timeinformation, a presentation time or a decoding time of each of theplurality of second data units, and identification information; and aprocessor which (i) calculates the presentation time or the decodingtime of each of the plurality of second data units received by thereceiver, using the first time information and the second timeinformation that are received by the receiver, and (ii) corrects thecalculated presentation time or the calculated decoding time of each ofthe plurality of second data units based on the identificationinformation received by the receiver.
 11. A transmission and receptionsystem comprising: a transmitting device which transmits a first dataunit in which data making up an encoded stream is stored; and areceiving device which receives the transmitted first data unit, whereinthe first data unit stores a plurality of second data units, thetransmitting device includes: a first processor which generates firsttime information indicating a presentation time of the first data unit,based on reference time information received from an external source;and a transmitter which transmits the first data unit, the first timeinformation generated by the first processor, second time informationindicating, together with the first time information, a presentationtime or a decoding time of each of the plurality of second data units,and identification information, and the receiving device includes: areceiver which receives the first data unit, the first time information,the second time information, and the identification information; and asecond processor which (i) calculates the presentation time or thedecoding time of each of the plurality of second data units received bythe receiver, using the first time information and the second timeinformation that are received by the receiver, and (ii) corrects thecalculated presentation time or the calculated decoding time of each ofthe plurality of second data units, which is calculated by thecalculator, based on the identification information received by thereceiver.